STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

INTRODUCTION

1. ------------- and ---------------- are the fundamental building blocks of matter.
2. What was the major challenge faced by the scientists before 19th century regarding atoms?

CHARGED PARTICLES IN MATTER

3. An atom is ------------ and consists of -------------- particles.
4. The electron was identified by ----------------.
5. Who discovered the presence of new radiations even before the electrons were found?
6. What are canal rays?
7. These rays were ----------------- charged radiations.
8. What is proton? What are its characteristics?
9. Electron is represented as --------- and proton as -------------.
10. What can you say about the mass of electron?
11. What can you say about the mass of proton?
12. Protons and electrons mutually balance their charges. True or False?

THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

13. According to Dalton's theory atom is indivisible and indestructible. True or False?
14. What lead to the failure of Dalton's theory of atom which states that atom is indivisible an indestructible?
15. Who was the first one to propose a model for the structure of an atom?

THOMSON'S MODEL OF AN ATOM

16. Thomson's model of an atom is similar to that of a ---------------.
17. The electrons were like ----------------.
18. How can you connect watermelon and an atom?
19. How are the electrons studded in an atom?
20. What are the proposals of Thomson?
21. What were the drawbacks of Thomson's model?

RUTHERFORD'S MODEL OF AN ATOM

22. Rutherford concentrated more on the arrangement of -------------- in an atom.
23. In his experiment fast moving -------------- were made to fall on a thin gold foil.
24. Why did he select a gold foil? Explain the nature of the gold foil selected.
25. Write a note on the alpha particles used in the experiment.
26. Why didn't he expect large deflections?
27. What were the observations made by Rutherford?
28. What were his words on the observation?
29. Describe a suitable experiment in an open field equivalent to Rutherford's experiment?
30. What were the conclusions made by Rutherford?
31. What are the features of Rutherford's atomic model?

DRAWBACKS OF RUTHERFORD'S MODEL OF THE ATOM

32. The revolution of the electron in a circular orbit is not expected to be -------------.
33. Describe the drawbacks of Rutherford;s model of atom.

BOHR'S MODEL OF THE ATOM

34. What were the postulates of Bohr's model of atom?

NEUTRONS

35. Who discovered neutron?
36. What are the new aspects discovered by J. Chadwick?
37. Neutrons are present in the nucleus of all atoms except ---------------.
38. How can you calculate the mass of an atom?

HOW ARE ELECTRONS DISTRIBUTED IN DIFFERENT ORBITS(SHELLS) ?

39. Who suggested the distribution of electrons into different orbits?
40. What are the rules followed for writing the number of electrons in different energy levels / shells?
41. Have an idea of the fig. 4.4.

VALENCY

42. What are valence electrons?
43. From the Bohr-Bury scheme we know that the outermost shell of an atom can accomodate a maximum of ------------------ electrons.
44. Which atoms show little chemical activity?
45. When can the combining capacity or valence be zero?
46. Define 'comibining capacity'.
47. What is an octet?
48. How is an octet achieved?
49. How can you calculate the valency?
50. What is the different way of calculating valency? Why is this way needed?
51. Go through the table 4.1.

ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

ATOMIC NUMBER

52. It is the number of ----------- of an atom, which determines its atomic number.
53. Atomic number is denoted by the letter ----------.
54. All atoms of an element have the same atomic number. True or False?
55. Elements are defined by the number of ---------- they possess.
56. Why is Z=1 in a hydrogen atom?
57. Define atomic number.

MASS NUMBER

58. Mass of an atom is practically due to ----------- and -------------- alone.
59. What are nucleons? Why are they called so?
60. The mass of an atom resides in its --------------.
61. Find out the mass of an atom giving an example.
62. Define mass number.
63. How would you represent thbe atomic number, mass number and symbol of an element? Give example.

ISOTOPES

64. Define isototopes. Give example.
65. Define hydrogen atom as an isotope.
66. What are the three isotopes of hydrogen atom?
67. The chemical properties of isotopes are -------------, but their physical properties are ----------------.
68. What are the isotopes of chlorine atom?
69. Describe an experiment to to find out which of the isotope is to be considered for calculating the mass of chlorine atom.
70. How are the special properties of some isotopes useful in different fields?

ISOBARS

71. What are isobars? Explain with example.

DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

LIFE WITHOUT RIGHTS

PRISON IN GUANTANAMO BAY

1. Where is Guantanamo Bay?
2. Guantanamo Bay  is controlled by -----------.
3. What is Amnesty International?
4. What was its report about the Guantanamo Bay?
5. How did the prisoners protest?
6. What was the proposal of the UN Secretary General? Did the US government accept the proposal?

CITIZENS' RIGHTS IN SAUDI ARABIA

7. What do you know of the citizens' rights in Saudi Arabia?
8. Women are subjected to many -------------------.
9. The testimony of one man is considered equal to --------------------.
10. These kind of restrictions exist not only in Saudi Arabia, but in many countries in the world.

ETHNIC MASSACRE IN KOSOVO

11. Write notes on Milosevic and his government.
12. In what way was the treatment different for the Serbs and for other minorities like Albanians.
13. What happened to an Albanian family?
14. What happened to Milosevic in the end?

RIGHTS IN A DEMOCRACY

WHAT ARE RIGHTS?

15. What are rights or claims?
16. Why are such rights needed?
17. A right is possible when you make a claim that is ------------------- for others.
18. The claims should be --------------.
19. What should be the nature of the right or claim?
20. The right has to be recognised by the ---------------.
21. What becomes the basis of rights?
22. Why do rights change from time to time and from society to society?
23. Why should the rights be made as laws?

WHY DO WE NEED RIGHTS IN A DEMOCRACY?

24. Rights are necessary for the very sustenance of --------------.
25. What are the rights of citizens regarding voting and election?
26. What do you know of the rights of the minorities?
27. Why should some rights be placed higher than the government?

RIGHTS IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

28. What are Fundamental Rights?
29. Constitution provides for --------------- Fundamental Rights.

RIGHT TO EQUALITY

30. What is called the rule of the law?
31. Every citizen is subjected to the same law. True or False?
32. What are the aspects against which the government cannot discriminate?
33. What are the rights regarding public jobs?
34. Are reservations against the laws of equality?
35. What does equality mean?
36. What does untouchability mean?
37. What is the resolution of thee Constitution against untouchability?

RIGHT TO FREEDOM

38. What does freedom mean?
39. What are the rights prescribed by the India Constitution?
40. When can the government impose restrictions on the freedom of citizens?
41. What is freedom of speech and expression?
42. Explain the aspects where all freedom cannot be used.
43. What do you know of the freedom to conduct demonstrations?
44. What do you know of the freedom of travel?
45. What is perosnal liberty?

RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION

46. What are the three specific evils declared illegal by the Constitution?

RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION

47. What is a secular state?
48. Write notes on Indian secularism.
49. What is freedom of religion?
50. What are the restrictions regarding the freedom of religion?
51. Are the punishments of law according to the religion?
52. There shall be no religious instruction in the government educational institutions. True or False?

CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS

53. Why does the Constitution specify cultural and educational rights only to the monorities?
54. What are the cultural and educational rights specified by the Consstitution?
55. What do you know of language majority and minority?

HOW CAN WE SECURE THESE RIGHTS?

56. What is called the Right to Constitutional Remedies?
57. Why is it called the heart and soul of our Constitution?
58. What are the specila features of Fundamental Rights?
59. What are writs?
60. What is compensation? To whom is it given?
61. What is Public Interest Litigation PIL?

EXPANDING SCOPE OF RIGHTS

62. Name some expanding scope of rights.
63. What are the differences between the Constitutional rights and the Fundamental Rights?
64. What do you know of the right to property?
65. What are international covenants?
66. What are hte guarantees given to the South Africal citizens by its Constitution?

WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS - PART II

POLITICAL EXECUTIVE

45. Who is an executive?
46. Why are they called executive?

POLITICAL AND PERMANENT EXECUTIVE

47. Who are the political executives?
48. Who are the permanent executives?
49. Who are civil servants?
50. Why does the political executive have more power than the non-political executive?
51. Why is the minister more powerful than the civil servant?
52. What are the departments in which important final decisions are taken by the ministers? Why?
53. What are the duties of the minister?
54. What is the role of experts in decision making compared to the ministers?

PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS

55. Who is the most important political institution of the country?
56. ------------ appoints the Prime Minister.
57. Can the President appoint anyone of her choice?
58. Who can be appointed by the President as Prime Minister?
59. If no party wins a majority, who is elected as Prime Minister?
60. Does the Prime Minister have a fixed tenure?
61. He continues in power as long as he remains -----------------------.
62. The President appoints other ministers on the advice of the -----------------.
63. Ministers should be --------------.
64. The Prime Minister has the freedom to choose the ministers. True or False?
65. Can a person who is not a member of Parliament become a minister? What is the condition regarding this matter?
66. What is the Council of Ministers?
67. Who are Cabinet Ministers?
68. Who are the Ministers of State with independent charge?
69. Who are the Ministers of State?
70. When are the decisions taken?
71. The cabinet works as a team. True or False?
72. Can any minister openly criticise the government or any other ministry?
73. Every ministry has --------------, who are ----------------.
74. What are the duties of the secretaries?
75. Who are the members of Cabinet Secretariat? What are their functions?

POWERS OF THE PRIME MINISTER

76. What are the powers of the Prime Minister?
77. Within the cabinet ---------------- is the most powerful.
78. Describe the role played by Jawaharlal Nehru as the Indian PM.
79. Does individual personality influence the position of the PM?
80. What are the recent constraints over the power of the PM?
81. What is a coalition government?
82. How is the decision making power of the PM of a coalition government affected?
83. What are the problems faced by the PM of a coalition government?

THE PRESIDENT

84. The PM is the head of the --------------, the President is the head of the ---------------.
85. The functions of a President in India is same as the function of the Queen of Britain. True or False?
86. The functions of the President are ceremonial. True or False?
87. Is the President directly elected by the people?
88. Who elect the President?
89. What are the rules regarding votes when a President is elected?
90. The President remains only a nominal executive. Why?
91. What are the powers of the President?
92. Can the President exercise all the powers on her own?
93. On whose advice do the President function?
94. Is she bound to act according to the Council of Ministers even if she disagrees?
95. Describe the role of the President in the passing of a bill.
96. What is the only function she does on her own?
97. Describe the process by which the President appoints the PM.

THE JUDICIARY

98. Why is a powerful judiciary needed for democracies?
99. What are the components of the Indian judiciary?
100. India has an integrated judiciary. True or False?
101. What is the meaning of integrated judiciary?
102. What are the functions of the integrated judiciary?
103. What do you mean by the independence of judiciary?
104. How do the judges act?
105. Why do all modern democracies have courts?
106. Who appoints the judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court? How?
107. Who is the Chief Justice?
108. Is it easy to remove the judges of High Court and Supreme Court from their post?
109. As an exception, how can a judge be removed?
110. Has a judge ever been removed in India?
111. What are the powers of the Supreme Court and the High Court?
112. What is known as the judicial review?
113. The --------------- and the ---------------------- of the Indian judiciary allow it to act as the guardian of the Fundamental Rights.
114. What is public interest litigation?

WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS - PART I

A GOVERNMENT ORDER

1. What is an Office Memorandum?
2. What is SEBC?
3. What were the other two categories that enjoyed reservation?

THE DECISION MAKERS

4. Who decide to issue such Memorandum?
5. Who is the President?
6. Who is the Prime Minister?
7. What is Parliament? What are the two houses of the Parliament?
8. What was the Mandal Commission?
9.  What were the features of the Mandal Commission?
10. What did the President of India announce in the Parliament regarding this?
11. Describe the process in which the Mandal Commission was totally accepted and approved?
12. Why did many protest against this Commission?
13. What is reservation?
14. What were the arguments of the people who said reservation is fair?
15. What were the arguments of the people who said reservation is unfair?
16. Who resolves such important disputes?
17. What do you know of the Indira Sawhney case?
18. What is the role of the Supreme Court regarding important disputes?
19. What was the final verdict of the Supreme Court?

NEED FOR POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

20. Name some of the important functions of the government.
21. What are institutions?
22. Who are the persons involved with the institutions?
23. Why is dealing with institutions frustrating?
24. Can one person decide on any important issue?

PARLIAMENT

25. Are decisions taken directly by the Parliament?
26. The Parliament ----------- the decision of the government.
27. Can the government go ahead on its own decision, without the favour of the Parliament?

WHY DO WE NEED A PARLIAMENT?

28. What is a Parliament?
29. What is a Legislature or a Legistative Assembly?
30. What are the ways in which political authority is exercised by the Parliament?
31. What is the role of Parliament in making  laws?
32. How do the Parliaments exercise control over the government?
33. How do the Parliaments control the government money?
34. Through what devices do the Parliaments seek information?

TWO HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT

35. The roles and the powers of the Parliaments are divided in two parts ---------- and ------------.
36. What is the nature of the first house?
37. What is the nature of the second house?
38. What are the two houses of Parliament in India?
39. President is / is not a member of the Parliament.
40. President is part of the Parliament. True or False?
41. All laws made in the houses come into force only after receiving assent of the President. True or False?
42. Which of the two houses is more powerful? Why?
43. Other name of Rajya Sabha is -----------------.
44. Other name of Lok Sabha is --------------.

FOOD SECURITY - PART II

CURRENT STATUS OF PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

64. What is RPDS? When was it introduced?
65. In how many blocks was it introduced?
66. What was the target of RPDS?
67. What was TPDS?
68. What were the two special schemes launched in 2000?
69. Summarise the important works of the PDS.
70. What is the criticism against PDS?
71. Describe AAY and its functions.
72. What is subsidy?
73. How does the storage of foodgrains affect the costs?
74. What is the reason of the environmental degradation due to utilisation of water?
75. What is the reason of the marked ineffectiveness of the PDS in terms of average consumption?
76. What are the malpractices by the PDS dealers?
77. How are unsold stocks a problem?
78. What is the disadvantage of the three type ration card...especially to the poor?

ROLE OF CO-OPERATIVES IN FOOD SECURITY

79. Co-operatives play an important role in food security especially in the ------------- and ------------- parts of the country.
80. Give instances from several states to prove the success of co-operatives.
81.What has brought out the White Revolution?
82. What is ADS?
83. Why are Grain banks needed?

PEASANTS AND FARMERS - PART II

BREAD BASKET AND DUST BOWL

57. How did the USA  become the bread basket of the world?
58. What was the difference between England and USA in agriculture during 18th century?
59. Forests covered over ------------ acres and grasslands ----------- acres.
60. Most of the landscape was under the control of the -----------------.
61. Americal settlements were confined to the --------------.
62. What was the main occupation of native American groups?
63. What happened when the white Americans moved westwards?

THE WESTWARD MOVE AND WHEAT CULTIVATION

64. When did the WEst Americans start moving westwards?
65. They moved  to the -------------- plateau through -----------------------.
66. The wilderness could be turned into ---------------.
67. What was forest timber used for?
68. Why were the American Indians to be cleared from the land?
69. What was the policy of the US government regarding the driving away of the natives?
70. How were the natives affected?
71. How did the forests develop into cutivated areas?
72. What were the crops grown?
73. How did this region become a major wheat producing area of America?

THE WHEAT FARMERS

74. From the ---------------- there was a dramatic expansion of wheat production in the USA.
75. Why did the export become bigger?
76. As the demand increased the price------------- and the production ----------.
77. How did the spread of railway influence wheat production?
78. What was the condition of wheat market during First World War?
79. What was the call of President Wilson?
80. In 1970 about ------------- million acres of the land in the USA was under wheat.
81. How did it expand nine years later?
82. Wheat barond controlled as much as ------- to ------------ acres of land individually.

THE COMING OF NEW TECHNOLOGY

83. How did the new technology influence the production?
84. What were the special features of the new technology?
85. What were the new devices used in the new technology?
86. Who invented the first mechanical reaper? When?
87. Describe the advantages of the mechanical reaper.
88. How did th machines help the big farmers?

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE POOR?

89. How did the machines affect the lives of poor people?
90. Mechanisation has reduced the need for -----------------.
91. What were the effects of surplus production?
92. Why did the wheat market collapsed?
93. How did the Great Agrarian Depression affect the whear farmers?

DUST BOWL

94. What all problems were created by the expansion of wheat agriculture in the Great plains?
95. What were the natural calamities that took place in the 1930s?
96. How did these calamities affect the atmosphere?
97. How were the people affected?
98. How were the cattle affected?
99. How had the sod been reduced to the level of dust?
100. How did the whole region become a dust bowl?
101. When did they realise the importance of ecological conditions?

THE INDIAN FARMER AND OPIUM PRODUCTION

102. British rule was established in India after the Battle of ------------- in the year ----------.
103. The British saw --------------- as a major source of income.
104. How did the land revenue system trouble the peasants and pastoralists?
105. What were the two major commercial crops in the 19th century?
106. What other crops were cultivated? How were these suppies used?

A TASTE FOR TEA: TRADE WITH CHINA

107. ---------- and ---------- were bought from China for sale in England.
108. Explain the range of tea production from 1785 to 1830.
109. How did the tea trade create a problem?
110. Why were the Manchus unwilling to allow the entry of foreign goods?
111. How could the western merchants buy tea?
112. How did the merchants try to stop the loss of silver?
113. Who introduced opium to china? In which century?
114. What are the good qualities of opium?
115. Why did the Chinese emperor forbid opium production?
116. Who started the illegal trade of opium?
117. In China which all sects of people were addicted to opium?
118. In 1839 there were about --------------- opium smokers in China.

WHERE DID OPIUM COME FROM?

119. From China opium flowed out of -------------- ports.
120. Why were the peasants unwilling to grow opium?
121. Why was opium cultivation a difficult process?

HOW WERE UNWILLING CULTIVATORS MADE TO PRODUCE OPIUM?

122. What was the system of advances? Who paid advances to whom? How did it affect their life?
123. Who were mahato?
124. The cultivators were forced to hand over the cultivation only to --------------.
125. Government wanted to produce opium at -------- rate and sell at ------------ price.
126. When did the peasants start agitating  for opium?
127. In regions around ------------- opium cultivation was given up.
128. They produced ------------ and ------------- instead of opium.
129. Who were pykars?
130. Describe the monopoly establishment of opium trade by the government.
131. ------------- and ------------- were the princely states that produced opium, when in other parts the production of opium was declining.
132. Why was opium confiscated and why were the crops destroyed?

CONCLUSION

133. Were all sections of rural people affected in the same way?

FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA - PART I

OVERVIEW

1. What is food security?
2. Who are more vulnerable to food insecurity?
3. What is PDS?

WHAT IS FOOD SECURITY?

4. What are the dimensions of food security?
5. What does availability of food mean?
6. What does accesibility mean?
7. What does affordability mean?
8. What are the conditions to ensure food security in a country?

WHY FOOD SECURITY?

9. How is food security affected during a calamity?
10. What is a famine?
11. What was the most devastating famine in India? When did it occur?
12. How many people were killed in this famine?
13. What are the other places in India where famine like conditions prevail even today?
14. What are the states where starvation deaths are reported?

WHO ARE FOOD INSECURE?

15. Who are the worst affected people who suffer food insecurity?
16. Who are food insecure in urban areas? Why are they affected this way?
17. Get to know the story of Ramu. Try to analyse what are the reasons for his suffering.
18. Get to know the story of Ahmad. Try to analyse what are the reasons for his suffering.
19. How does the social composition affect food security?
20. How are SCs, STs and OBCs afffected?
21. How are people affected by natural disasters?
22. A high incidence of malnutrition prevails in --------------.
23. Who constitute an important segment of the food insecure population?
24. What is NHFS? What is its report regarding women and children?
25. What are the states where most of the food insecurity is reported?
26. What are the effects of poverty over hunger?
27. Hunger has ----------- and ---------------- dimensions.
28. What is chronic hunger? How are people affected?
29. What is seasonal hunger? How are people affected?
30. The percentage of chronic and seasonal hunger has declined over the years. True or False?
32. India is aiming at -------------- since independence.
33. What is Green Revolution?
34. Who released a stamp entitled 'Wheat Revolution'? When?
35. The highest rate of growth of wheat was achieved in the states of ---------- and ----------------.
36. ---------------- and ------------------------ recorded significant increases in rice yield.

FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA

37. Since the Green Revolution no famine is recorded in India. True or False?
38. Is the food security system of India safe?
39. What are the two components of food security system of India?

WHAT IS BUFFER STOCK?

40. waht is buffer stock?
41. What is FCI?
42. What are the functions of FCI?
43. What is MSP?
44. What is the purpose of MSP?
45. Why is the buffer stock created by the government?
46. What is Issue Price?
47. How does IP help?

WHAT IS THE PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM?

48. What is PDS?
49. What are Ration shops? How are they otherwise known?
50. What are sold at the ration shops?
51. What is a ration card?
52. What are the stipulated amount of the food items supplied to the people?
53. What are the three kinds of ration cards?
54. When was rationing introduced in India?
55. When was this system revived? By whom?
56. What were the three important food intervention programmes introduced?
57. What is ICDS?
58. What is FFW?
59. What is PAPs?
60. How does mid-day meals programme contribute to food security?
61. How do employment programmes contribute to food security?
62. Name some of the programmes initiated by the government which have food component.
63. What do you understand about National Food for Work programme?