PEASANTS AND FARMERS - PART II

BREAD BASKET AND DUST BOWL

57. How did the USA  become the bread basket of the world?
58. What was the difference between England and USA in agriculture during 18th century?
59. Forests covered over ------------ acres and grasslands ----------- acres.
60. Most of the landscape was under the control of the -----------------.
61. Americal settlements were confined to the --------------.
62. What was the main occupation of native American groups?
63. What happened when the white Americans moved westwards?

THE WESTWARD MOVE AND WHEAT CULTIVATION

64. When did the WEst Americans start moving westwards?
65. They moved  to the -------------- plateau through -----------------------.
66. The wilderness could be turned into ---------------.
67. What was forest timber used for?
68. Why were the American Indians to be cleared from the land?
69. What was the policy of the US government regarding the driving away of the natives?
70. How were the natives affected?
71. How did the forests develop into cutivated areas?
72. What were the crops grown?
73. How did this region become a major wheat producing area of America?

THE WHEAT FARMERS

74. From the ---------------- there was a dramatic expansion of wheat production in the USA.
75. Why did the export become bigger?
76. As the demand increased the price------------- and the production ----------.
77. How did the spread of railway influence wheat production?
78. What was the condition of wheat market during First World War?
79. What was the call of President Wilson?
80. In 1970 about ------------- million acres of the land in the USA was under wheat.
81. How did it expand nine years later?
82. Wheat barond controlled as much as ------- to ------------ acres of land individually.

THE COMING OF NEW TECHNOLOGY

83. How did the new technology influence the production?
84. What were the special features of the new technology?
85. What were the new devices used in the new technology?
86. Who invented the first mechanical reaper? When?
87. Describe the advantages of the mechanical reaper.
88. How did th machines help the big farmers?

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE POOR?

89. How did the machines affect the lives of poor people?
90. Mechanisation has reduced the need for -----------------.
91. What were the effects of surplus production?
92. Why did the wheat market collapsed?
93. How did the Great Agrarian Depression affect the whear farmers?

DUST BOWL

94. What all problems were created by the expansion of wheat agriculture in the Great plains?
95. What were the natural calamities that took place in the 1930s?
96. How did these calamities affect the atmosphere?
97. How were the people affected?
98. How were the cattle affected?
99. How had the sod been reduced to the level of dust?
100. How did the whole region become a dust bowl?
101. When did they realise the importance of ecological conditions?

THE INDIAN FARMER AND OPIUM PRODUCTION

102. British rule was established in India after the Battle of ------------- in the year ----------.
103. The British saw --------------- as a major source of income.
104. How did the land revenue system trouble the peasants and pastoralists?
105. What were the two major commercial crops in the 19th century?
106. What other crops were cultivated? How were these suppies used?

A TASTE FOR TEA: TRADE WITH CHINA

107. ---------- and ---------- were bought from China for sale in England.
108. Explain the range of tea production from 1785 to 1830.
109. How did the tea trade create a problem?
110. Why were the Manchus unwilling to allow the entry of foreign goods?
111. How could the western merchants buy tea?
112. How did the merchants try to stop the loss of silver?
113. Who introduced opium to china? In which century?
114. What are the good qualities of opium?
115. Why did the Chinese emperor forbid opium production?
116. Who started the illegal trade of opium?
117. In China which all sects of people were addicted to opium?
118. In 1839 there were about --------------- opium smokers in China.

WHERE DID OPIUM COME FROM?

119. From China opium flowed out of -------------- ports.
120. Why were the peasants unwilling to grow opium?
121. Why was opium cultivation a difficult process?

HOW WERE UNWILLING CULTIVATORS MADE TO PRODUCE OPIUM?

122. What was the system of advances? Who paid advances to whom? How did it affect their life?
123. Who were mahato?
124. The cultivators were forced to hand over the cultivation only to --------------.
125. Government wanted to produce opium at -------- rate and sell at ------------ price.
126. When did the peasants start agitating  for opium?
127. In regions around ------------- opium cultivation was given up.
128. They produced ------------ and ------------- instead of opium.
129. Who were pykars?
130. Describe the monopoly establishment of opium trade by the government.
131. ------------- and ------------- were the princely states that produced opium, when in other parts the production of opium was declining.
132. Why was opium confiscated and why were the crops destroyed?

CONCLUSION

133. Were all sections of rural people affected in the same way?

HISTORY AND SPORT - THE STORY OF CRICKET - PART II

CRICKET, RACE AND RELIGION

54. On what principle was cricket organised in India in the beginning?
55. When and where  was the First Indian Club established in India?
56. How was cricket played in India through the eighteenth century?
57. Apart from fun, what all other reliefs were given by cricket?
58. Were the Indians considered to have talent in cricket? What was the reality?
59. What do you know of the origins of Indian cricket?
60. Who found the first Indian Club in Bombay? What was the name of the club?
61. Who funded the Parsi clubs?
62. Did the whites encourage the Parsis club?
63. What was the issue between the whites and the Parsis over the public park?
64. How did this dispute have a happy ending?
65. When did the Parsis beat the Bombay Gymkhana club?
66. Who was the famous Parsi in the Indian National Congress?
67. In what way did Parsi Gymkhana became a precedent?
68. What did the Hindus and muslims do in the 1890s for cricket?
69. The gymkhana cricket led to first class cricket being organised on ------------ and ----------- lines.
70. Describe the quadrangular tournament.
71. Today cricket is based on region or religion?
72. In the beginning cricket was based on region or religion?
73. When did the Quadrangular became a Pentangular?
74. What was the nature of the fifth team?
75. Why was the Pentangular tournament criticised?
76. How did Mahatma Gandhi condemn this Pentangular tournament?
77. What replaced the Pentangular tournament? When?
78. Pentangular tournament can be otherwise called ---------------- and it ended with the ----------.

THE MODERN TRANSFORMATION OF THE GAME

79. Modern cricket is dominated by -------------- and ------------------ games.
80. Why are some players of the past always remembered and some players forgotten? Name some players who are remembered and who are forgotten.
81. Who was the country's first Test captain?
82. India entered the world of test cricket in the year ---------.
83. Which countries played the first test cricket match?

DECOLONISATION AND SPORT

84. What is decolonisation?
85. When did it begin and how long did it last?
86. What was the result of decolonisation?
87. What was the state of ICC in the earlier years of independence?
88. Imperiacl Cricket Conference was changed to International Cricket Conference in the year ----------.
89. When was the status of equal membership achieved?
90. What was the policy of racial segregation followed in the game of cricket?
91. Why did India, Pakistan and West Indies boycotted South Africa?
92. Why were these countries not successful?
93. How did the new decolonised nations of Asia and Africa oppose South Africa?

COMMERCE, MEDIA AND CRICKET TODAY

94. The ---------- were the decade in which cricket was transformed.
95. Why was the year 1971 a landmark in cricket?
96. Who played the first one-day international? Where was it played?
97. When was the first world cup staged?
98. Why was it a great success?
99. When did cricket celebrated 100 years of Test matches?
100. The game had been changed a lot not by a ----------- or  -------------, but by a ----------------.
101. Who is Kerry Packer? How did he add more interest to the game of cricket?
102. What were the changes brought into the game of cricket after it started to be televised?
103. Why is cricket a marketable game?
104. How did cricket boards become rich?
105. How did cricketers emerge as celebrities?
106. In what other ways do cricketers make money?
107. How has television coverage changed cricket?
108. What all aspects created a global market for cricket?
109. Which country has the large viewership for the game?
110. Which is the largest market in the cricketing world?
111. Where was the headquarters of ICC? Where is it now?
112. What are the two advances in the field of bowling?
113. How are these two skills enabling a better game?
114. Why are these two skills considered illegal?
115. How did the Asian countries take away the fame of cricket from the Biritish and the Australians?

HISTORY AND SPORT - THE STORY OF CRICKET - PART I

INTRODUCTION

1. Cricket grew out of the many ---------------- games played in England about ------------- years ago.
2. What is the meaning of the word 'bat'?
3. What did the people do on Sunday instead of going to church?
4. What was the kind of cricket bat used till the middle of the eighteenth century?
5. Why was this type of bat used?

THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CRICKET AS A GAME IN ENGLAND

6. The -------------- and ---------------- history of England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, shaped the game and gave cricket its unique nature.
7. What are the differences between cricket and other games which make cricket a unique game?
8. What is the difference between cricket and football?
9. What is the difference between cricket and baseball?
10. What is the length of the pitch?
11. Describe the different dimensions of cricket grounds quoting examples.
12. When were the 'Laws of Cricket' published?
13. What are the laws stated in the 'Laws of Cricket'?
14. How many umpires are needed?
15. Describe the stumps.
16. Describe the cricket ball.
17. When and where was the first cricket club formed?
18. What do you know of the MCC revision of the laws of cricket?
19. How did the styles of bowling change?
20. What were the changes made to the ball?
21. When was the first leg before law published?
22. What were the changes made to the game in the nineteenth century?
23. What are the special features of cricket that made the game favourite of the villagers?
24. What do you know of the dispute regarding boundaries?
25. Cricket has changed, yet fundamentally remained true to its origins. Explain.
26. Explain how the bat and ball are made. Explain the changes that have been made in making the bat and ball.
27. What is the difference regarding tools between golf, tennis and cricket?
28. What kind of bat did Dennis Lillee want to play with? What was the result?
29. How has technology changed / influenced cricket?

CRICKET AND VICTORIAN ENGLAND

30. How did the game of cricket reflect the nature of England life?
31. Who paid the professionals?
32. Why did not the professionals get employment throughout the year?
33. State the differences between amateurs and professional players.
34. Why do the laws of cricket always give the benefit of doubt to the batsmen?
35. Why was the captain of cricket team generally a batsman?
36. When was the English cricket team led by a professional at first? Who was that captain?
37. Battle of Waterloo was won on the --------------------------.
38. What do you know of the importance of the school of Eton and its connection with cricket?
39. On what grounds were the boys trained in the school of Eton?
40. Who was Thomas Arnold?
41. How did Thomas Arnold use the games of cricket and rugby to train the boys?
42. How did cricket boost up the self image of the English elite?
43. Write notes on the Napoleanic war and its connection with English people and cricket.

THE SPREAD OF CRICKET

44.Playing cricket became a sign of ------------- and ----------- status.
45. Why were the Afro Caribbean population discouraged from participating in the game?
46. When was the first non-white club established in the West Indies?
47. Where did the West Indies play cricket? Where did the whites in the West Indies play cricket?
48. How was cricket viewed in the Caribbean?
49. --------------- and ------------------ were the political leaders  considered cricket as a chance for self respect and international understanding.
50. How did cricket help to make West Indies and the whites equal?
51. What were the two ironies connected to the victory of West Indies over the whites in 1950?
52. When was a national team given the right to represent India in a test match?
53. On what basis do cricket fans take sides?

PEASANTS AND FARMERS - PART I

THE COMING OF MODERN AGRICULTURE IN ENGLAND

1. Why were the threshing machines broken?
2. When was the first threshing machine broken?
3. What message was conveyed in the threatening letters received by the farmers?
4. What would happen if machines replace workmen?
5. On whose name were these letters signed?
6. Why did the landlords destroy their own machines?
7. What were the places where riots occurred?
8. What happened to the people who were engaged in the riot?
9. Was Captain Swing a real name? Why do you say so?

THE TIME OF OPEN FIELDS AND COMMONS

10. What was the condition of the land before 18th century?
11. Before 18th century large parts of England countryside was ---------------. The lands were not ----------------------.
12. Peasants cultivated on -----------------.
13. What happened at the public meeting in the beginning of each year?
14. Why were the strips of land offered to the villagers  varied in quality?
15. What are common lands?
16. How did the villagers use this land and nearby rivers, ponds and forests?
17. How did this common land help the farmers?
18. Why were the farmers keen on increasing the wool production?
19. Why were the large areas of land divided using compact blocks?
20. Why were they keen on separating each other's fields?
21. What happened to the poor and villagers who owned small cottages?
22. What is enclosure movement?
23. Who created the early enclosures?
24. The individual landlords were supported / not supported by the state or the church.
25. What changed the English landscape after the eighteenth century?
26. Between 1750 and 1850 ---------------- acres of land were enclosed.
27. The British parliament legalised these enclosures. True or False?
28. The British parliament passed --------------- to legalise these enclosures.

NEW DEMANDS FOR GRAIN

29. What was the nature of the enclosure in the sixteenth century?
30. What was the nature of the enclosure in the eighteenth century?
31. What were the differences between the old and the new enclosures?
32. What caused an increased demand of food grains?
33. Why did men from rural areas migrate to urban areas?
34. What factors led to the rise of food grains price?
35. By the end of eighteenth century ------------ was at war with England.
36. How did the war affect the trade and import of food grains from England?
37. How did the war force the Parliament to pass the Enclosure Acts?

THE AGE OF ENCLOSURES

38. What is the strange difference in the effect of rapid population growth over the food production after the nineteenth century?
39. In spite of increasing population, during 1868 England was producing 80 percent of its food consumption and imported too. True or False?
40. How was this massive food production possible?
41. What all did the landlords do to increase food production?
42. Why did the farmers cultivate turnip and clover regularly?
43. Turnip and clover had the capacity to increase the nitrogen content of the soil. True or False?

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE POOR?

44. How did the enclosures affect the life of the poor?
45. What happened particularly in the Midlands and the countries around?
46. Why could not the poor find secured jobs?
47. Were the laboureres paid wages throughout the year? Explain the reason.
48. The landowners ------------ the amount they had to spend on their workmen.
49. Work became -----------------, employment -------------------------, income ------------------.
50. For a large part of the year, the poor had no work. True or False?

THE INTRODUCTION OF THRESHING MACHINES

51. Why were the threshing machines introduced during the Napoleanic wars?
52. What false reasons were given by the landlords for using the threshing machines?
53. Why did they prefer machines to laboureres?
54. Why did the Agricultural Depression set in?
55. Why did the landowners want to cut the import of food grains?
56. Why did the poor go from village to village?

FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM ....... PART II

WHO COULD HUNT?

67.  How did the forest laws affect the hunters?

68.  How did hunting turn out to be a sport?

69.  What do you know about hunting as a sport in India?

70.  Why did various species become extinct under colonial rule?

71.  What was the belief of the British regarding large animals?

72.  Why did the British announce a reward for killing large animals?

73.  Over -------------------- tigers, ----------------------- leopards and ---------------- wolves were killed for reward in the period 1875-1925.

74.  How did the tiger become a sporting trophy?

75.  The Maharaja of Sarguja killed --------------------------tigers and ------------------- leopards.

76.  George Yule, a British administrator killed ------------------ tigers.

77.  ------------------------ and ---------------------- argued that animals should be protected, not killed.

NEW TRADES, NEW EMPLOYMENTS AND NEW SERVICES

78.  How did the forests become a source of trade?

79.  There was a growing demand for ---------------------- in the mid-nineteenth century.

80.  ---------------------- and --------------------- were the villagers who were involved in rubber trading.

81.  Give short notes on trading of forest products by adivasis and Banjaras during the medieval India.

82.  How did the British take an upper hand in forest trading suppressing the trading by Indians?

83.  Who are ‘criminal tribes’? Name them. How did they suffer under British?

84.  Who were recruited for tea plantation in Assam?

85.  What were the hardships faced by these employees who were recruited for tea plantation?

REBELLION IN THE FOREST

86.  What caused the forest rebellions?

87.  Name the leaders of the forest rebellion.

THE PEOPLE OF BASTAR

88.  Where is Bastar located?

89.  The central part of  Bastar is on a --------------------.

90.  To the north of Bastar is --------------------- and to the south of Bastar is -------------------.

91.  Name the communities of Bastar.

92.  Bastar communities speak -------------------- languages; share common ------------------ and ---------------.

93.  What do they do at each agricultural festival?

94.  Name the gifts of nature that are respected by the Bastars. Why did they respect them?

95.  What do you know of - dersari, dand,man?

96.  Why did the Bastars engage watchmen? How did they pay the watchmen?

97.  What is pargana?

98.  What were the issues discussed by  the pargana ?

THE FEARS OF THE PEOPLE

99.  In 1905, what caused the major worry of the Bastars?

100. What are ‘ forest villages’?

101. How were the people in other villages affected ?

102. Terrible famines in ---------------------- and again in ------------------ worsened the living condition of people in forests.

103. Where did the people discuss their problems and with whom?

104. Where did reservation took place first?

105. ---------------------- from the village ------------------ was an important person in the forest movement.

106. How did the villagers pass message to invite others for the forest rebellion?

107. How did the villages contribute to the rebellion expenses?

108. In what ways were the rebelling people affected?

109. --------------- was a missionary who observed the events of the forest rebellion and recorded them.

110. What important note did he record?

111. How did the British try to suppress the rebellion?

112. The -------------- tried to negotiate with the British.

113. What happened to the adivasis when they tried to negotiate?

114. Why were the villages deserted during the rebellion?

115. It took ---------------- months for the British to regain control after the rebellion.

116. The British failed to capture the leader ------------------.

117. What are the consequences of Bastar rebellion?

118.  ____________ gained victory in the forest rebellion.

119.  Explain the story of forests and people of Bastar after independence.

120.  What was the proposal of the World Bank in 1970?

121.  Why and how was the paper industry proposal stopped?

FOREST TRANSFORMATIONS IN JAVA

122.  ----------------- is famous rice-producing island in Indonesia.

123.  In the beginning Java was covered mostly with -----------------.

124.  The colonial power in Indonesia were ------------------.

125.  There were many similarities in the laws of forest control in Indonesia and India. True or False?

126.   ----------------- is where the Dutch started forest management.

127.   Like the British, the Dutch wanted ---------------------- from Java to build --------------.

128.   During 1600, many villages of Java were located in ------------------- but there were also communities living in the ------------------ and practicing shifting cultivation.

THE WOODCUTTERS OF JAVA

129. Who were Kalangs? What was their major occupation?

130. Why and how were the Kalangs divided ?

131. How did the Kalangs help the kings?

132. The Dutch began to regain control over the forests in the ------------- century.

133. The Dutch tried to make the ------------------ work under them.

134. In the year ---------------, the Kalangs tried to attack the Dutch fort at -----------------, but the uprising was ----------------.

DUTCH SCIENTIFIC FORESTRY

135. What were the provisions of Forest law proposed by the Dutch?

136. Wood could be cut only for specific purposes like ---------------- and -------------; wood could be cut only from -----------------------------------.

137. On what offences were the villagers punished?

138. As in India, the need to manage forests for ------------------------- and ------------------- led to the --------------------.

139. In 1882, ---------------- sleepers were exported from Java.

140. What was blangdongdiensten system?

SAMIN'S CHALLENGE

141. Write short notes on Samin’s challenge.

142. Around ------------, Surontiko Samin of -------------------- village, began questioning ---------------------------------.

143. Randublatung village is a ------------------- village.

144. Those who helped Samin in organizing the forest movement were his -----------------.

145.  By 1907, ------------------- families followed Samin’s ideas.

146.  How did the Saminists protest against the Dutch?

WAR AND DEFORESTATION

147. What were the major  impacts of the First and Second World War on forests?

148. During these wars, in India-------------------- were abandoned and  trees were cut to meet the ---------------------------.

149. Define: ‘ a scorched earth’ policy.

150. How did the Dutch try to avoid being trapped by the Japanese?

151. How and why did the Japanese exploit the forests?

152. What was the major conflict between the agriculturists and the Forest department?

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN FORESTRY

153. What is an important goal rather than collecting timber?

154. Who must be involved to achieve this goal?

155. From ---------------------- to ---------------------- dense forests have survived only because villages protected them in -----------------------.

156. The sacred groves known as ---------, ----------------, ------------- and ---------- protected the dense forests.

157. How did the villagers guard the forest ?

158. The villagers did not leave the responsibility of guarding to the --------------------.

FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM ...Part -I

INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPHS

1. List any 10 items around you that are obtained from forests.

2.      List the major supportive things of life that are provided by the forest.

3.      What percent of the world’s total area was cleared between 1700 and 1995?

4.      Why was a considerable area of the world cleared between 1700 and 1995?

5.      What area of the world was cleared between 1700 and 1995?

WHY DEFORESTATION?

6.      Define deforestation.

7.      During the ------------------------ deforestation became more systematic and extensive.

8.      In 1600 approximately ------------------------- of India’s landmass was under cultivation.

LAND TO BE IMPROVED

9.      With the increase in ----------------- over the centuries the demand for food has also increased.

10.  With the increase in population over the centuries the demand for -------------------- has also increased.

11.  As population increased peasants increased the boundaries of cultivation by (i) ------------------- and (ii) --------------------- .

12.  List the causes of deforestation in India during the British rule.

13.  List the commercial crops produced by the British.

14.  The demand for commercial crops increased in --------------- century Europe.

15.  During the 19^th century forests were considered to be ------------------ .

16.  Between 1880 and 1920, cultivated area rose by ------------------------- hectares.

SLEEPERS ON THE TRACKS

17.  Name the factor that created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy.

18.  How was the problem of timber supply solved?

19.  Explain the features of ship-building during colonial rule.

20.  What was the demand caused by the spread of the railways?

21.  Each mile of railway tracks required between --------------- and ---------------- sleepers.

22.  The length of the railway track in 1890 was ----------------- .

23.  The length of the railway track in 1946 was ----------- .

24.  How did the spread of the railway tracks affected forests / trees?

PLANTATIONS

25.  Explain tea, coffee plantation during colonial rule.

26.  How did the plantation of tea/ coffee affected the forests?

27.  Why were forests cleared off rapidly during the colonial period?

a.       To fulfil the demand of commercial crops.

b.      Forests were considered to be wasteland.

c.       To fulfil the demand of timber

d.      All the above.

THE RISE OF COMMERCIAL FORESTRY

28.  The British employed a German expert ------------------- for advice regarding forests.

29.  -------------------- was the first Inspector General of forests in India.

30.  Explain the reforms brought out by Brandis. (or) Explain the achievements of Brandis.

31.  Brandis set up the Indian Forest Service (IFS) in -------- .

32.  The Indian Forest Act was formulated in ----------------- .

33.  The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at --------------------- in ------------------- .

34.  In 1906, at Dehradun ----------------------- was set up.

35.  The Imperial Forest Research Institute taught ---------------------- .

36.  What is called plantation according to scientific forestry?

37.  Explain scientific theory.

38.  What were the provisions of Forest Act of 1878?

39.  The 1865 Forest Act was amended ------------------- once in ----------------- and once again in ---------------------------.

HOW WERE THE LIVES OF PEOPLE AFFECTED?

40.  Foresters and villagers had same ideas / different ideas regarding good forest.

41.  Why did the villagers need forests?

42.  Why did the Foresters need forests / trees?

43.  How do forest people  make use of forest products?

44.  Fruits and tubers are eaten as they provide ---------------- .

45.  Herbs are used for ---------------------- .

46.  Wood is used for agricultural implements like -------------------- and ------------------ .

47.  Bamboo is used to make -------------, ---------- and -----------.

48.  A dried scooped-out gourd can be used as a -------------------------- .

49.  What are the uses of leaves?

50.  ------------------ is used to make ropes.

51.  The bark of -------------------- is used to grate vegetables.

52.  The fruit of --------------------- gives oil.

53.  How did the Forest Act affect the life of villagers? (OR) Describe the hardships faced by the villagers due to Forest Act.

54.  Why did the villagers steal wood from the forests?

55.  How did the policemen and forest guards harass people?

HOW DO FOREST RULES AFFECT CULTIVATION?

56.  What is the other name of ‘shifting cultivation’?

57.  ‘Shifting cultivation’ was practiced in many parts of ------------------- , -------------- and ------------.

58.  Shifting cultivation is called ---------------------- in South East Asia.

59.  It is called --------------------- in Central America.

60.  It is called -------- in Africa.

61.  It is called ---------------- in Srilanka.

62.  What are the local names of shifting cultivation in India?

63.  Explain the features of shifting cultivation.

64.  Why was the practice of shifting cultivation banned by European foresters?

65.  What was the result of the ban imposed by the government on shifting cultivation?

66.  What are sleepers?