NATURAL RESOURCES - PART III

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

94. How is the biosphere made as a dynamic and stable system?

THE WATER CYCLE

95. How is the rain caused?
96. What is known as the water cycle?
97. What are the sources of human usage of water?
98. How do rivers help the marine organisms?

THE NITROGEN CYCLE

99. Nitrogen gas makes up ------------- of our atmosphere.
100. Nitrogen is a part of many molecules that supply ------------, ----------------- and some ---------.
101. Nitrogen is found in biological compounds like -------------- and -----------------.
102. All these life-forms could use nitrogen directly from the atmosphere. True or False?
103. What are 'nitrogen-fixing' bacteria?
104. Where are they found?
105. What is the result of the convertion of nitrogen during lightning?
106. Plants generally take up nitrates and nitrites and convert them into ----------------- which are used to make ---------------.
107. Describe the nitrogen cycle.

THE CARBON CYCLE

108. What are the forms in which carbon is found on the earth?
109. Carbon molecules contain --------, ---------, ---------------, -------------- and ----------------.
110. The ----------------- and ------------------- of various animals are formed from carbonate salts.
111. How is carbon incorporated into life-forms?
112. How does utilisation of glucose help the living things?
113. How is glucose converted to carbondioxide?
114. Write notes on the process of combustion.
115. How has industrial revolution affected the percentage of carbon dioxide?

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

116. Why is temperature inside a glass enclosure much higher than the surroundings?
117. How can tropical plants be kept warm during colder climates?
118. Describe the greenhouse effect.
119. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases. True or False?
120. What is global warming? What are its consequences?

THE OXYGEN CYCLE

121. Oxygen is a very abundant element on our earth. True or False?
122. Oxygen is found in the ------------ form in the atmosphere to the extent of ------------ percent.
123. Oxygen exists in the combined form in the ------------------- and in the air in the form of -------------.
124. How is oxygen found in the crust?
125. What are the biological molecules for which oxygen is an essential component?
126. Name the three processes that use up oxygen in the atmosphere.
127. How is oxygen returned to the atmosphere?
128. Describe oxygen cycle.
129. What are poisoned by oxygen?

OZONE LAYER

130. Elemental oxygen is found in the form of a ------------ molecule.
131. In the upper area of the atmosphere a molecule containing ----------- atoms of oxygen is found.
132. What is O3 otherwise called?
133. What is the difference between Oxygen and Ozone?
134. What is the most essential function of Ozone?
135. Why is the ozone layer getting depleted?
136. What are the consequences of the reduction of the ozone layer over earth?

NATURAL RESOURCES - PART II

WATER: A WONDER LIQUID

54. Some amount of water exists in the form of water vapour in the atmosphere. True or False
55. What is saline? Where is it found?
56. Where is fresh water found?
57. Availability of fresh water is same from place to place. True or False?
58. What is the condition of water availability in summer?
59. All cellular processes take place in a water medium. True or false?
60. Why do all organisms require water? Explain in detail.
61. Why do terrestrial life-forms require fresh water?
62. Learn the importance of activities 14.8 and 14.9.
63.What are the factors decided by the availability of water?
64. Is water responsible for the diversity of life? How?

WATER POLLUTION

65. Explain some ways through which water gets polluted.
66. What happens when water is released from dams?
67. What are the effects of water pollution?
68. What is the effect of the addition of undesirable substances to water bodies?
69. What is the effect of the removal of desirable substances from water bodies?
70. What is the effect of a change in temperature?

MINERAL RICHES IN THE SOIL

71. Soil is an important source that decides the diversity of life in an area. True or False?
72. What is soil?
73. How is soil formed?
74. How does the Earth's crust support the life-forms?
75. Is it possible for the life-forms to get minerals from huge rocks?
76. What are the factors or processes that make soil?
77. What is the part played by the Sun in the process of making soil?
78. How does water help the process of making soil?
79. How does wind help the process of making soil?
80. How do living organisms influence the formation of soil?
81. What are the particles that constitute the soil?
82. How is the type of soil decided?
83. How is humus a major factor in deciding the soil structure?
84. What are the factors that decide which plants can thrive on a particular type of soil?
85. What is called the topsoil?
86. The quality of the topsoil is an important factor that decides the ----------- in a particular area.
87. How is the soil structure destoyed by fertilisers and pesticides?
88. What are instrumental in making the rich humus?
89. How does the fertile soil turn barren?
90. What is called soil pollution?
91. What will happen if all the soil gets washed away?
92. ------------ of plants have an important role in preventing soil erosion.
93. How could deforestation affect us? 

NATURAL RESOURCES - PART I

1. Life on earth is dependent upon ---------------, ------------- and ----------.

WHAT ARE THESE RESOURCES ON THE EARTH?

2. The resources on the earth are ------------ , -------------- and ---------------.
3. The outer crust of the earth is called the ------------.
4. Water covers --------------- percent of the Earth's surface.
5. Water is found underground and this is called the ----------------.
6. What is called atmosphere?
7. What is known as the biosphere?
8. What constitute the biotic component of the biosphere?
9. What constitute the abiotic component of the bioshpere?

THE BREATH OF LIFE: AIR

10. Air is a mixture of many gases. Give some examples.
11. Composition of Earth is a result of life on Earth. True or False?
12. What is the major component of the atmosphere in Venus and Mars?
13. Carbondioxide constitutes upto ------------ percentage of the atmosphere on Venus and Mars.
14. How does oxygen help eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
15. How is carbondioxide produced by the cells?
16. What is combustion?
17. Combustion  includes human actitivities and forest fires. True or False?
18. How is carbondioxide fixed?
19. Why is the percentage of carbondioxide in our atmosphere a mere fraction?

THE ROLE OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN CLIMATE CONTROL

20. Air is a good conductor of heat. True or False?
21. How does the atmosphere control temperature during day and night?
22. Moon is about the same distance from the Sun as the Earth is. True or False?
23. Moon has no atmosphere. True or False?
24. What is the temperature range of the Moon?
25. Sand and water do not heat up at the same rate. Explain with an experiment.

THE MOVEMENT OF AIR: WINDS

26. What causes the movement of air?
27. What decides the form of this movement?
28. What brings us the welcome rains?
29. How is water vapour formed?
30. How is the atmosphere heated from below?
31. How are convection currents set up in the air?
32. Explain how to understand the nature of convection currents with an activity.
33. Which gets heated faster - air over land or air over water bodies? Why?
34. How is a region of low pressure created?
35. What creates winds?
36. What is the direction of the wind during the day?
37. At night both land and sea start to -------------.
38. Water cools down -------------- than the land.
39. At night, the air above water would be --------------------- than the air above the land.
40. What are the factors that influence the wind?

RAIN

41. Explain with an experiment some of the factors influencing climate changes.
42. What happens when water bodies are heated during the day?
43. How does the water vapour condense?
44. How do the water droplets fall as rain?
45. What happens when the temperature of air is low?
46. When does precipitation occur?
47. Wind patterns decide the rain patterns. True or false?
48. In India ------------------ and --------------------- bring rains.

AIR POLLUTION

49. Name the fossil fuels.
50. Fossil fuels contain small amounts of ------------- and -----------.
51. What gives rise to acid rain?
52. What is smog?
53. What are the diseases caused by air pollution?

WHY DO WE FALL ILL - PART - III

PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT

126. How does sleep help to improve sickly conditions?
127. When does the treatment involve medicines?
128. What are the two ways to treat an infectious disease?
129. What could be the treatment to reduce the effects of the disease?
130. Can symptom directed treatment destroy / eradicate the infecting microbe totally?
131. How are microbes killed using medicines? Explain in detail.
132.  How do antibiotics fight diseases?
133. Why is making anti-viral medicines harder than making anti-bacterial medicines?
134. Can HIV infection be kept under control using drugs?

PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION

135. Why is prevention better than cure? OR What are the limitations of curing through medicines after the disease occurs?
136. State the two ways of preventing diseases.
137. How can we prevent the diseases that spread through air?
138. How can we prevent the diseases that spread through water?
139. How can we prevent the diseases that spread through  vector-borne infections?
140. If someone suffers from common cough or cold, other children do not always get exposed to the infection. Why?
141. The immune system of our body fights the ---------------.
142. What are immune cells? What are the functions of the immune cells?
143. What are the causes of a bad immune system in our body? How can we make the immune system good?
144. Availability of proper and sufficient food for everyone is an important principle in prevention of diseases. Explain.
145. What are the specific / peculiar ways of preventing infections?
146. Why is small pox found no where in the world now?
147. How did small pox threaten the people hundred years ago?
148. If you get small pox once, there is no chance of suffering from it again. Why?
149. Why was having small pox disease a means of preventing subsequent attacks of the same disease?
150. What is the basis of the principle of immunisation?
151. What are vaccines?
152. Name some diseases that can be controlled by vaccines.
153. What do you know of polio?
154. Write short notes on hepatitis viruses.

WHY DO WE FALL ILL - PART II

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

INFECTIOUS AGENTS

66. Name some organisms which cause diseases.
67. Name the diseases caused by viruses.
68. Name the diseases caused by bacteria.
69. Name the diseases caused by fungi.
70. Name the diseases caused by protozoan micorbes.
71. Name the diseases caused by worms.
72. Why is it important to categorise these infectious agents?
73. What are the common features found in viruses and bacteria?
74. What are the common features found in viruses and fungi?
75. What are the common features found in viruses, bacteria and fungi?
76. Drugs will work against all the microbes belonging to the same group. True or False?
77. Same drugs will not work against the microbes belonging to a different group. True or False?
78. How does an antibiotic work against diseases?
79. How are the bacteria attacked / destroyed by the antibiotic?
80. What is the special effect of Penicillin?
81. Will antibiotics work against viruses? Why?
82. When should we take antibiotic for cold?
83. When  don't we need antibiotic for cold?
84. Antibiotic works against ----------------- infection. It does not work against ------------ infection.

MEANS OF SPREAD

85. How do infectious diseases spread?
86. What does the term 'communicated' mean with reference to communicable diseases?
87. How do the microbes spread through air?
88. Give some examples of diseases that spread through air.
89. Why do airborne diseases spread quickly in crowded areas?
90. How do diseases spread through water?
91. Give some examples of diseases that spread through water.
92. If the drinking water is not safe / pure waterborne diseases are likely to spread. True or False?
93. What are the diseases that spread through sexual contact?
94. Sexually transmitted diseases spread by casual physical contact. True or False?
95. Casual physical contacts include ---------------, ---------------- and ----------------.
96. What do you mean by blood-to-blood contact? What is the disease that spreads through blood-to-   blood contact?
97. What are the ways in which AIDS spreads?
98. How do diseases spread through animals?
99. What are intermediaries or vectors?
100. Name the commonest vector.
101. Why do female mosquitoes need highly nutritious food / blood?
102. How does the mosquito transfer diseases?

ORGAN-SPECIFIC AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC MANIFESTATIONS

103. How do the disease causing microbes enter the body and where do they go?
104. Do all microbes go to the same tissue or organ, or do they go to different ones?
105. When the microbes enter from the air via nose they go to the --------------.Give example.
106. If  the microbes enter throug the mouth they stay in the ---------- .Give example.
107. HIV that comes into the body via the sexual organs will spread to ------------------------- all over the body.
108. Malaria causing microbes entering through a mosquito bite will go to the ---------- and then to the ----------------------.
109. What is Japanese encephalitis?
110. What is the common name of Japanese encephalitis?
111. How is brain fever caused?
112. The virus causing Japanese encephalitis enters through ------------------ and affects the ----------.
113. Signs and symptoms of a disease will depend on the ---------------- or ------------ which the microbe targets.
114. If the lungs are the targets the symptoms will be --------------- and ----------------.
115. If the liver is targeted, --------------- will be caused.
116. If the brain is targeted, we observe symptoms like --------------, ----------------- or ---------------.
117. If we know what the target tissue or organ is, we can imagine the symptoms and signs of an infection. True or False?
118. What is inflammation? How is it caused? What are the effects of inflammation?
119. How does HIV infection affect the body? How do these infections kill people?
120. Small cold cannot become pneumonia. True or False?
121. Minor gut infection can produce major diarrhoea with blood loss. True or False?
122. Severity of disease manifestations depend on the number of --------------------- in the body.
123. If the number of microbes is very small the disease manifestation will be -----------------.
124. If the number of microbes is large the disease manifestation will be ----------------.
125. The ---------------------------- is a major factor that determines the number of microbes surviving in the body.

WHY DO WE FALL ILL? PART - I

INTRODUCTION

1. Health and disease in human communities are complex issues with ---------------- causes.
2. Name the chemical substances out of which cells are made.
3. The living cell is not a dynamic place. True or False?
4. Even in the non-moving cells repair is going on. True or False?
5. All the activities of the human body's organs are interconnected. True or False?
6. Explain with suitable examples how the different organs of the body are interconnected and      interdependant.
7. Why is food needed?
8. What leads to the lack of proper activity in the body?

HEALTH AND ITS FAILURE

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF 'HEALTH'

9. What is health?

PERSONAL AND COMMUNITY ISSUES BOTH MATTER FOR HEALTH

10. On what factors does the health depend?
11. How does physical environment affect health?
12. How can cylone affect the health of a person?
13. How does social environment affect health?
14. How does garbage and open drain affect health?
15. What is public cleanliness and how does it influence health?
16. Why are good economic conditions and jobs needed for individual health?
17. Why are social equality and harmony necessary for individual health?
18. Why should we be happy?
19. Name the community issues that are connected to individual health.

DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN 'HEALTHY' AND 'DISEASE-FREE'

20. What is disease?
21. What is the distinction between 'poor health' and 'suffering from a particular disease'?
22. What does good health mean to a dancer?
23. What does good health mean to a musician?
24. Why is it important to realise the unique potential in all of us?
25. We can be in poor health without a real identifiable disease. True or False?
26. When we think about health we think about --------------- and ----------------.
27. When we think about disease we think about ----------------------.

DISEASE AND ITS CAUSES

WHAT DOES DISEASE LOOK LIKE?

28. How do we know that there is a disease in the body?
29. Tissues make up ------------------ or -------------------- that carry out body functions.
30. Each of the organ system has ----------------------- as its parts and it has -------------------.
31. What are the parts involved in the digestive system?
32. How does the digestive system help our body?
33. What are the parts involved in the musculoskeletal system?
34. How does the musculoskeletal system help our body?
35. What happens to the systems of the body when a disease occurs?
36. What do you mean by the 'symptoms' of disease?
37. Give examples of some symptoms.
38. Can a symptom diagnose the nature of a disease? Why?
39. Explain: Signs of a disease.
40. Why are laboratory tests done by physicians?

ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES

41. What are acute diseases? Give examples.
42. What are chronic diseases? Give examples.

CHRONIC DISEASES AND POOR HEALTH

43. Are the effects of acute health over the body serious? Why?
44. Chronic diseases have major effects on general health. True or False? Explain with examples.
45. What are the differences in the effects of acute and chronic diseases? Explain with suitable examples.
46. We are likely to have -------------- general poor health if we have a chronic disease.
47. Chronic diseases have ---------------- effects over health.
48. Acute diseases do not have ----------------- effects over health.

CAUSES OF DISEASES

49. What are the causes of a baby's loose motion?
50. Why does one baby develop loose motion when the other babies have not?
51. What types of babies are more liable to diseases?
52. What is the first level cause of disease?
53. What is the second level cause of disease?
54. How does the household / surrounding affect health?
55. How do poor nourishment and genetic difference become contributory causes of disease?
56. What are the third level causes of disease?
57. Most diseases have many causes rather than one single cause. True or False?

INFECTIOUS AND NON-INFECTIOUS CAUSES

58. Name the infectious agents that cause diseases.
59. What are infectious diseases?
60. How does the infectious agents cause diseases?
61. What are non-infectious diseases?
62. Infectious diseases occur due to external / internal causes. Choose the correct answer.
63. Non-infectious diseases occur due to external / internal causes. Choose the correct answer.
64. Some cancers are caused by genetic abnormalities. True or False?
65. What are the causes of high blood pressure?

DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS...Part II

ANIMALIA

86. Animalia are --------------, -------------------- and ------------------.
87. Their cells have cell walls. True or False?

PORIFERA

88. Porifera means ------------------.
89.  Porifera are --------------- animals attached to some solid support.
90. How are the 'pores' used?
91. The hard outside layer covering these animals is called -------------.
92. What are sponges? In what species are they found commonly?
93. Give examples of Porifera.

COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA)

94. They live in -------------.
95. There is a cavity in their body. True or False?
96. What is the nature of the two layer of cells found in them?
97. Give common examples of Coelenterata.
98. Give examples of Coelenterata that have a solitary life.Give example of Coelenterata that live in colonies.

PLATYHELMINTHES

99. The body of these animals is --------------designed.
100. What do you mean by bilaterally symmetrical? Give example for such animals.
101. Why are these animals called triploblastic?
102. There is no internal boday cavity or coelem. True or False?
103. The body is flattened --------------------, meaning from --------- to --------------.
104. Why are they called flatworms?
105. Give examples of free living animals.
106. Give examples of parasites.

NEMATODA

107. They  are also bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic. True or False?
108. What is the shape of their body?
109. What is pseudocoelem?
110. What are the diseases caused by them?
111. Elephantiasis is caused by ---------------.
112. What are the worms in the intestines?

ANNELIDA

a. They are bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic. True or False?
b. What type of coelem  they have?
c. What is the use of this type of coelem ?
d. Are these animals segmented?
e. How are they segmented?
f. Where do these animals live?
g. Give examples of Annelida.

ARTHROPODA

113. This is the largest group of animals. True or False?
114. They are bilaterally symmetrical and segmented. True or False?
115. The circulatory system is --------------- and so the blood -------------------- in well defined blood vessels.
116. The coelomic cavity is -------------.
117. What do you mean by 'arthropod'?
118. Give examples of these animals.

MOLLUSCA

119. There is bilateral symmetry. True or False?
120. The coelomic cavity is -------------- and there is ---------- segmentation.
121. They have an ---------------------- circulatory system and --------------- organs for excretion.
122. How do they move around?
123. Give examples.

ECHINODERMATA

124. What is the meaning of 'echinos'?
125. What is the meaning of derma?
126. Why are they called echinodermata?
127. They are free living marine animals. True or False?
128. Are they triploblastic?
129. What kind of cavity do they have?
130. How do they move around?
131. What do they use as a skeleton?
132. Give examples.

PROTOCHORDATA

133. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and have a coelom. True or False?
134. What is the additional new feature of body design?
135. What is a notochord?
136. What is the use of a notochord?
137. What is a chord?
138. The notochord is present throughout all stages of life. True of False?
139. They are land  / marine animals.
140. Give examples.

VERTEBRATA

141. Why are the animals of this phylum called vertebrata?
142. How do they move?
143. Give the special features possessed by these animals.
144. They are grouped into ------------ classes.
145. The five classes of the vertebrata are -------------, -------------, --------------, --------- and -------------.

PISCES

146. They are exclusively -------------- animals.
147. Their skin is covered with -----------------.
148. How do they obtain oxygen?
149. How do they move?
150. They are warm-blooded / cold-blooded.
151. Their hearts have -------------.
152. Do they lay eggs?
153. What is the difference between a human heart and a the heart of a fish?
154. Describe the different types of skeletons found in Pisces with suitable examples.

AMPHIBIA

155. How are the amphibians different from the Pisces?
156. How do they respire?
157. Do they lay eggs?
158. Where do they live?
159. Give examples.

REPTILIA

160. They are warm-blooded / cold-blooded.
161. Do they have scales?
162. How do they breathe?
163. How many chambers are there in their heart? How is crocodile's heart different?
164. What is the difference between their eggs and that of the amphibians.
165. Give examples.

AVES

166. These are warm-blooded / cold-blooded animals.
167. How many chambers are there in the heart?
168. Do they lay eggs?
169. What are the features that help in their flight?
170. How do they breathe?
171. Give examples.

MAMMALIA

172. They are warm-blooded / cold-blooded.
173. How many chambers are there in their heart?
174. How do they nourish their youngones?
175. Do all the mammals  lay eggs?
176. Give examples of mammals that lay eggs.
177. Mammals like the ------------- give birth to poorly developed youngones.
178. Give examples.

NOMENCLATURE

179. Why is there a need for systematic naming of living organisms?
180. Why is the scientific name of an organism unique?
181. The scientific name of an organism is universal...True or False?
182. What is nomenclature?
183. Who introduced nomenclature?
184. When we name an organism, we do not list the ---------------, but we write the name of the -------- and the -------------- of that particular organism.
185. The name of the genus and species belong to ------------- language.
186. What are the conventions to be followed while writing scientific names.

DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS ... Part – I

INTRODUCTION

1.      All living organisms vary in their ----------------- , ---------------------- and ----------------- .

WHAT IS THE BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION?

2.      On what basis did Aristotle propose his theory of classification?

3.      Why was the classification theory of Aristotle misleading?

4.      --------------------------- should be the basis for making broadest divisions.

5.      What do you mean by ‘characteristics’?

6.      What is the need for classification of organisms?

7.      Give three examples of the range of variations that you see in life forms around you.

8.      On what bases are plants and animals put into different categories?

CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION

9.      What is evolution?

10.  -------------- first described the idea of evolution in the year ----------------- , in his book --------------------------------------- .

11.  Explain ‘primitive’ or ‘lower’ organisms.

12.  Explain ‘advanced’ or ‘higher’ organisms.

13.  Differentiate older and younger organisms.

14.  Distinguish between primitive and advanced organisms.

MORE TO KNOW
a. -------------- means the diversity of life forms.
b. What is biodiversity?
c. What is megadiversity?
d. Name the countries in which biodiversity is concentrated.

THE HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION - GROUPS

15.  All living organisms are divided into broad categories called kingdoms by biologists --------------, ------------ and ---------------- .

16.  Name the five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker.

17.  Whittaker formed the groups on the basis of the ------------------ , ----------------------- and -------------------- .

18.  What was the modification introduced buy Woese in Whittaker’s theory of classification?

19.  On the basis of hierarchy of characteristics classification is done on seven units. List them.

20.  Which is the basic unit of classification?

21.  What do you mean by ‘species’?

MONERA

22.  Explain the special features of classification regarding prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

23.  Monera have / do not have a defined nucleus or organelles.

24.  Monera show / do not show multi-cellular body designs.

25.  Explain : autotrophic.

26.  Explain:  heterotrophic.

27.  Monera includes organisms such as: ------------------, ------------------ and --------------------.

28.  Monera are prokaryotic/ eukaryotic.

PROTISTA

29.  Protista are prokaryotic/ eukaryotic.

30.  What are appendages?

31.  What is the use of appendages?

32.  Mode of nutrition of Protista can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. True of False?

33.  Examples of Protista are ----------------, ---------------- and ------------------------ .

FUNGI

34.  Fungi are autotrophic organisms. True or False?

35.  Fungi are eukaryotic / prokaryotic.

36.  What is chitin?

37.  Give examples of fungi.

38.  Explain the term ‘symbiotic’.

39.  What are lichens?

PLANTAE

40.  Plantae are multi cellular eukaryotes. True of False?

41.  Do plantae have cell walls?

42.  Plantae are heterotrophs. True or False?

43.  Plantae use -------------------- for photosynthesis.

ANIMALIA

44.  Animalia include organisms which are multi-cellular. True of False?

45.  Animalia are heterotrophs. True of False?

PLANTAE

46.  Why is the body design of an amoeba different from that of a worm?

47.  Animalia have cellwalls / do not have cell walls.

48.  What factors do the first level of classification among plants depend on?

49.  What factors do the second level of classification among plants depend on?

50.  What factors do the third level of classification among plants depend on?

THALLOPHYTA

51.  Explain: Thallophyta.

52.  Plants that do not have well-differentiated body design fall in the group ------------------ .

53.  Plants in Thallophyta are commonly called ---------------------- .

54.  Plants in Thallophyta are aquatic. True of False?

BRYOPHYTA

55.  What are called amphibians of the plant kingdom?

56.  Explain the special features of Bryophyta.

57.  How is the plant body divided in Bryophyta?

58.  What do you know about the conduction of water and other substances in Bryophyta?

59.  Give examples for Bryophyta.

PTERIDOPHYTA

60.  How is the plant body divided in Pteridophyta?

61.  What do you know about conduction of water and other substances in Pteridophyta?

62.  Give examples for Pteridophyta.

63.  What are the common features of thallophytes, bryophytes and pteridophytes?

64.  What are called ‘cryptogamae’?

65.  --------------- are those with hidden reproductive organs.

66.  What are phanerogams?

67.  ------------------ are the result of the reproductive process in plants.

68.  What are gymnosperms and angiosperms?

69.  Explain the functions of seeds.

GYMNOSPERMS

70.  What is the meaning of gymno?

71.  What is the meaning of sperma?

72.  Explain the special features of gymnosperms.

73.  Give examples of gymnosperms.

ANGIOSPERMS

74.  What is the meaning of angio?

75.  What are the special features of angiosperms?

76.  Angiosperms are also called ------------------.

77.  What are cotyledons?

78.  What are called seed leaves? Why are they called so?

79.  What are monocotyledons?

80.  Monocotyledons are also called ------------------ .

81.  What are dicots?