WHY DO WE FALL ILL - PART - III

PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT

126. How does sleep help to improve sickly conditions?
127. When does the treatment involve medicines?
128. What are the two ways to treat an infectious disease?
129. What could be the treatment to reduce the effects of the disease?
130. Can symptom directed treatment destroy / eradicate the infecting microbe totally?
131. How are microbes killed using medicines? Explain in detail.
132.  How do antibiotics fight diseases?
133. Why is making anti-viral medicines harder than making anti-bacterial medicines?
134. Can HIV infection be kept under control using drugs?

PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION

135. Why is prevention better than cure? OR What are the limitations of curing through medicines after the disease occurs?
136. State the two ways of preventing diseases.
137. How can we prevent the diseases that spread through air?
138. How can we prevent the diseases that spread through water?
139. How can we prevent the diseases that spread through  vector-borne infections?
140. If someone suffers from common cough or cold, other children do not always get exposed to the infection. Why?
141. The immune system of our body fights the ---------------.
142. What are immune cells? What are the functions of the immune cells?
143. What are the causes of a bad immune system in our body? How can we make the immune system good?
144. Availability of proper and sufficient food for everyone is an important principle in prevention of diseases. Explain.
145. What are the specific / peculiar ways of preventing infections?
146. Why is small pox found no where in the world now?
147. How did small pox threaten the people hundred years ago?
148. If you get small pox once, there is no chance of suffering from it again. Why?
149. Why was having small pox disease a means of preventing subsequent attacks of the same disease?
150. What is the basis of the principle of immunisation?
151. What are vaccines?
152. Name some diseases that can be controlled by vaccines.
153. What do you know of polio?
154. Write short notes on hepatitis viruses.

WHY DO WE FALL ILL - PART II

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

INFECTIOUS AGENTS

66. Name some organisms which cause diseases.
67. Name the diseases caused by viruses.
68. Name the diseases caused by bacteria.
69. Name the diseases caused by fungi.
70. Name the diseases caused by protozoan micorbes.
71. Name the diseases caused by worms.
72. Why is it important to categorise these infectious agents?
73. What are the common features found in viruses and bacteria?
74. What are the common features found in viruses and fungi?
75. What are the common features found in viruses, bacteria and fungi?
76. Drugs will work against all the microbes belonging to the same group. True or False?
77. Same drugs will not work against the microbes belonging to a different group. True or False?
78. How does an antibiotic work against diseases?
79. How are the bacteria attacked / destroyed by the antibiotic?
80. What is the special effect of Penicillin?
81. Will antibiotics work against viruses? Why?
82. When should we take antibiotic for cold?
83. When  don't we need antibiotic for cold?
84. Antibiotic works against ----------------- infection. It does not work against ------------ infection.

MEANS OF SPREAD

85. How do infectious diseases spread?
86. What does the term 'communicated' mean with reference to communicable diseases?
87. How do the microbes spread through air?
88. Give some examples of diseases that spread through air.
89. Why do airborne diseases spread quickly in crowded areas?
90. How do diseases spread through water?
91. Give some examples of diseases that spread through water.
92. If the drinking water is not safe / pure waterborne diseases are likely to spread. True or False?
93. What are the diseases that spread through sexual contact?
94. Sexually transmitted diseases spread by casual physical contact. True or False?
95. Casual physical contacts include ---------------, ---------------- and ----------------.
96. What do you mean by blood-to-blood contact? What is the disease that spreads through blood-to-   blood contact?
97. What are the ways in which AIDS spreads?
98. How do diseases spread through animals?
99. What are intermediaries or vectors?
100. Name the commonest vector.
101. Why do female mosquitoes need highly nutritious food / blood?
102. How does the mosquito transfer diseases?

ORGAN-SPECIFIC AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC MANIFESTATIONS

103. How do the disease causing microbes enter the body and where do they go?
104. Do all microbes go to the same tissue or organ, or do they go to different ones?
105. When the microbes enter from the air via nose they go to the --------------.Give example.
106. If  the microbes enter throug the mouth they stay in the ---------- .Give example.
107. HIV that comes into the body via the sexual organs will spread to ------------------------- all over the body.
108. Malaria causing microbes entering through a mosquito bite will go to the ---------- and then to the ----------------------.
109. What is Japanese encephalitis?
110. What is the common name of Japanese encephalitis?
111. How is brain fever caused?
112. The virus causing Japanese encephalitis enters through ------------------ and affects the ----------.
113. Signs and symptoms of a disease will depend on the ---------------- or ------------ which the microbe targets.
114. If the lungs are the targets the symptoms will be --------------- and ----------------.
115. If the liver is targeted, --------------- will be caused.
116. If the brain is targeted, we observe symptoms like --------------, ----------------- or ---------------.
117. If we know what the target tissue or organ is, we can imagine the symptoms and signs of an infection. True or False?
118. What is inflammation? How is it caused? What are the effects of inflammation?
119. How does HIV infection affect the body? How do these infections kill people?
120. Small cold cannot become pneumonia. True or False?
121. Minor gut infection can produce major diarrhoea with blood loss. True or False?
122. Severity of disease manifestations depend on the number of --------------------- in the body.
123. If the number of microbes is very small the disease manifestation will be -----------------.
124. If the number of microbes is large the disease manifestation will be ----------------.
125. The ---------------------------- is a major factor that determines the number of microbes surviving in the body.

WHY DO WE FALL ILL? PART - I

INTRODUCTION

1. Health and disease in human communities are complex issues with ---------------- causes.
2. Name the chemical substances out of which cells are made.
3. The living cell is not a dynamic place. True or False?
4. Even in the non-moving cells repair is going on. True or False?
5. All the activities of the human body's organs are interconnected. True or False?
6. Explain with suitable examples how the different organs of the body are interconnected and      interdependant.
7. Why is food needed?
8. What leads to the lack of proper activity in the body?

HEALTH AND ITS FAILURE

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF 'HEALTH'

9. What is health?

PERSONAL AND COMMUNITY ISSUES BOTH MATTER FOR HEALTH

10. On what factors does the health depend?
11. How does physical environment affect health?
12. How can cylone affect the health of a person?
13. How does social environment affect health?
14. How does garbage and open drain affect health?
15. What is public cleanliness and how does it influence health?
16. Why are good economic conditions and jobs needed for individual health?
17. Why are social equality and harmony necessary for individual health?
18. Why should we be happy?
19. Name the community issues that are connected to individual health.

DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN 'HEALTHY' AND 'DISEASE-FREE'

20. What is disease?
21. What is the distinction between 'poor health' and 'suffering from a particular disease'?
22. What does good health mean to a dancer?
23. What does good health mean to a musician?
24. Why is it important to realise the unique potential in all of us?
25. We can be in poor health without a real identifiable disease. True or False?
26. When we think about health we think about --------------- and ----------------.
27. When we think about disease we think about ----------------------.

DISEASE AND ITS CAUSES

WHAT DOES DISEASE LOOK LIKE?

28. How do we know that there is a disease in the body?
29. Tissues make up ------------------ or -------------------- that carry out body functions.
30. Each of the organ system has ----------------------- as its parts and it has -------------------.
31. What are the parts involved in the digestive system?
32. How does the digestive system help our body?
33. What are the parts involved in the musculoskeletal system?
34. How does the musculoskeletal system help our body?
35. What happens to the systems of the body when a disease occurs?
36. What do you mean by the 'symptoms' of disease?
37. Give examples of some symptoms.
38. Can a symptom diagnose the nature of a disease? Why?
39. Explain: Signs of a disease.
40. Why are laboratory tests done by physicians?

ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES

41. What are acute diseases? Give examples.
42. What are chronic diseases? Give examples.

CHRONIC DISEASES AND POOR HEALTH

43. Are the effects of acute health over the body serious? Why?
44. Chronic diseases have major effects on general health. True or False? Explain with examples.
45. What are the differences in the effects of acute and chronic diseases? Explain with suitable examples.
46. We are likely to have -------------- general poor health if we have a chronic disease.
47. Chronic diseases have ---------------- effects over health.
48. Acute diseases do not have ----------------- effects over health.

CAUSES OF DISEASES

49. What are the causes of a baby's loose motion?
50. Why does one baby develop loose motion when the other babies have not?
51. What types of babies are more liable to diseases?
52. What is the first level cause of disease?
53. What is the second level cause of disease?
54. How does the household / surrounding affect health?
55. How do poor nourishment and genetic difference become contributory causes of disease?
56. What are the third level causes of disease?
57. Most diseases have many causes rather than one single cause. True or False?

INFECTIOUS AND NON-INFECTIOUS CAUSES

58. Name the infectious agents that cause diseases.
59. What are infectious diseases?
60. How does the infectious agents cause diseases?
61. What are non-infectious diseases?
62. Infectious diseases occur due to external / internal causes. Choose the correct answer.
63. Non-infectious diseases occur due to external / internal causes. Choose the correct answer.
64. Some cancers are caused by genetic abnormalities. True or False?
65. What are the causes of high blood pressure?

PEASANTS AND FARMERS - PART I

THE COMING OF MODERN AGRICULTURE IN ENGLAND

1. Why were the threshing machines broken?
2. When was the first threshing machine broken?
3. What message was conveyed in the threatening letters received by the farmers?
4. What would happen if machines replace workmen?
5. On whose name were these letters signed?
6. Why did the landlords destroy their own machines?
7. What were the places where riots occurred?
8. What happened to the people who were engaged in the riot?
9. Was Captain Swing a real name? Why do you say so?

THE TIME OF OPEN FIELDS AND COMMONS

10. What was the condition of the land before 18th century?
11. Before 18th century large parts of England countryside was ---------------. The lands were not ----------------------.
12. Peasants cultivated on -----------------.
13. What happened at the public meeting in the beginning of each year?
14. Why were the strips of land offered to the villagers  varied in quality?
15. What are common lands?
16. How did the villagers use this land and nearby rivers, ponds and forests?
17. How did this common land help the farmers?
18. Why were the farmers keen on increasing the wool production?
19. Why were the large areas of land divided using compact blocks?
20. Why were they keen on separating each other's fields?
21. What happened to the poor and villagers who owned small cottages?
22. What is enclosure movement?
23. Who created the early enclosures?
24. The individual landlords were supported / not supported by the state or the church.
25. What changed the English landscape after the eighteenth century?
26. Between 1750 and 1850 ---------------- acres of land were enclosed.
27. The British parliament legalised these enclosures. True or False?
28. The British parliament passed --------------- to legalise these enclosures.

NEW DEMANDS FOR GRAIN

29. What was the nature of the enclosure in the sixteenth century?
30. What was the nature of the enclosure in the eighteenth century?
31. What were the differences between the old and the new enclosures?
32. What caused an increased demand of food grains?
33. Why did men from rural areas migrate to urban areas?
34. What factors led to the rise of food grains price?
35. By the end of eighteenth century ------------ was at war with England.
36. How did the war affect the trade and import of food grains from England?
37. How did the war force the Parliament to pass the Enclosure Acts?

THE AGE OF ENCLOSURES

38. What is the strange difference in the effect of rapid population growth over the food production after the nineteenth century?
39. In spite of increasing population, during 1868 England was producing 80 percent of its food consumption and imported too. True or False?
40. How was this massive food production possible?
41. What all did the landlords do to increase food production?
42. Why did the farmers cultivate turnip and clover regularly?
43. Turnip and clover had the capacity to increase the nitrogen content of the soil. True or False?

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE POOR?

44. How did the enclosures affect the life of the poor?
45. What happened particularly in the Midlands and the countries around?
46. Why could not the poor find secured jobs?
47. Were the laboureres paid wages throughout the year? Explain the reason.
48. The landowners ------------ the amount they had to spend on their workmen.
49. Work became -----------------, employment -------------------------, income ------------------.
50. For a large part of the year, the poor had no work. True or False?

THE INTRODUCTION OF THRESHING MACHINES

51. Why were the threshing machines introduced during the Napoleanic wars?
52. What false reasons were given by the landlords for using the threshing machines?
53. Why did they prefer machines to laboureres?
54. Why did the Agricultural Depression set in?
55. Why did the landowners want to cut the import of food grains?
56. Why did the poor go from village to village?

ATOMS AND MOLECULES - PART II

ATOMIC MASS

43. Define atomic mass.
44. The theory of atomic mass could well explain the law of -----------------.
45. Scientists could measure the atomic mass of an atom. True or False?
46. What are relative atomic masses?
47. How were relative atomic masses determined?
48. Expand 'amu'.
49. What was initially taken by scientists as the atomic mass unit?
50. Why was oxygen selected for this purpose? Give the two reasons.
51. In 1961, what was universally accepted the amu?
52. Define atomic mass unit.
53. Explain the theory of amu using the illustration of the fruit seller selling watermelon using a standard weight.
54. Define relative atomic mass.
55. Table 3.2 - Learn the atomic masses of the given elements.

HOW DO ATOMS EXIST?

56. Atoms of most elements are not able to exist dependently / independently.
57. Atoms form ----------- and --------------.
58. Molecules or ions ------------------------------------ to form matter.

WHAT IS A MOLECULE?

59. A molecule is a group of --------------- that are ------------- together.
60. Define molecule.
61. Atoms of the ------------------- or of ------------ can join together to form molecules.

MOLECULES OF ELEMENTS

62. The molecules of an element are constituted by the same / different type of actions.
63. Molecules of many elements are made up of  -------------------- of that element.
64. What is a diatomic molecule? Give example.
65. What is the difference in molecules of most of the non-metals. Explain with an example.
66. What is atomicity?
67. Explain the structure of atoms in metals and some particular elements.
68. Table 3.3. Learn the atomicity of the given elements.

MOLECULES OF COMPOUNDS

69. Atoms of different elements join together in ---------------- to form molecules of compunds.
70. Table 3.4. Be familiar with the molecules of some given compunds.
71. Find out the ratio by number of atoms for water.

WHAT IS AN ION?

72. What are known as ions?
73. An ion is a ------------- particle and can be -------------- or ------------------ charged.
74. A negatively charged ion is called --------------.
75. A positively charged ion is called ----------------.
76. Explain anion and cation giving examples.
77. Ions may consist of  ----------------- or -------------------- that have a net charge on them.
78. What is a polyatomic ion?
79. Table 3.5. Be familiar with the given ionic compunds.

WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAE

80. What is a chemical formula?
81. To write the chemical formulae for different compunds we need to learn the -------------- and ---------------------- of the elements.
82. Define valency.
83. How can be valency used?
84. ------------------ can be considered as hands or arms of that atom.
85. Learn the illustration of octopus to have a better understanding of the valency and chemical formulae.
86. Table 3.6. Be familiar with the names and symbols of some ions.
87. What are the rules you have to follow while writing chemical formulae?
88. The valencies or charges on the ion must ---------------.
89. In a chemical formula, what should be written first? Why? Explain with an example.
90. What do you know of the brackets in a chemical formula?

FORMULAE OF SIMPLE COMPOUNDS

91. What are binary compunds?
92. Learn how to write the chemical formulae through the illustrations given in page 38 and 39.

MOLECULAR MASS AND MOLE CONCEPT

93. What is molecular mass?
94. Molecular mass is expressed in ------------------ units.
95. Learn how to calculate the relative molecular mass of different compunds.

FORMULA UNIT MASS

96. What is formula unit mass of a substance?
97. Formula unit mass is calculated in the same manner as molecular mass is calculated. True or False?
98. Calculate the formula unit mass of Sodium Chloride.

MOLE CONCEPT

99. What was the necessity to introduce the new unit mole?
100. What is mole?
101. The number of particles present in 1 mole of any substance is fixed with a value of --------------.
102. What is called the Avogadro Constant or Avogadro number?
103. The name Avogadro honours the Italian Scientist --------------.
104. The mass of 1 mole of a particular substance is fixed. True or False?
105. How is the molar mass calculated? Give an example.
106. Molar mass of atoms is also known as ------------------------.
107. The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1 u. The gram atomic mass of hydrogen = ---------------.
108. Why is mole the counting unit of the chemists?
109. The word mole is derived from Latin and it means ------------- or ---------------------.
110. Learn the illustrations given in page 41 and 42.

CLIMATE - Part III

THE SEASONS

89. Seasonal changes are more noticeable in the ------------- areas compared to the ---------- parts of the country.
90. What are the main seasons of India?

THE COLD WEATHER SEASON (WINTER)

91. What is the duration of winter?
92. ------------ and ----------- are the coldest months in North India.
93. The temperature ------------- from the south to the north.
94. What is the average temperature of Chennai / eastern coast?
95. What is the average temperature of the northern plains?
96. Days are ------------ and nights are ------------.
97. ------------ is common in the north and --------------- is experienced in the slopes of Himalayas.
98. During winter -------------- winds prevail over the country.
99. The winds blow from the ----------- to the -----------.
100. Why is it dry season  during winter in most parts of the country?
101. What kind of weather prevails in the northern part of the country during winter?
102. Write notes on the cyclonic disturbances in the northern plains.
103. What is 'mahawai'? Why is it important?
104. What kind of weather prevails in the peninsular region during winter?

THE HOT WEATHER SEASON (SUMMER)

105. What is the duration of the summer season in India?
106. What is the highest temperature in March and where is it recorded?
107. What iste temperature in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh in April?
108. In summer the temperature of ------------is common in the northwestern parts.
109. In peninsulat India the temperature remains -------------.
110. The summer months experience ---------------- temperature and ---------------air pressure in the north.
111. Where does a low pressure develop during the end of May?
112. Give an account on 'loo'.
113. When do the dust stroms blow and how do they affect the climate during this season?
114. Give an account of : 'Kaal Baisakhi'.
115. What are 'mango showers' and where are they seen?

ADVANCING MONSOON (THE RAINY SEASON)

116. Write notes on the trade winds ..the changes they bring during the rainy season.
117. How does the south-west monsoon bring a total change in the weather?
118. Due to this monsoon, the Western Ghats receive very high rainfall  more than ----------- cm.
119. The maximum rainfall of this season is experienced in -------------- part of the country.
120. ------------ in the southern ranges of the Khasi Hills receives the highest average rainfall in the world.
121. What are 'breaks' in rainfall?
122. Monsoon is uncertain. True or False? Why?

RETREATING MONSOON (THE TRANSITION SEASON)

123. The duration of transiton is during the months of ---------------------------.
124. Describe the retreat of the monsoon during the transition period.
125. What is known as 'October heat'?
126. Give an account of the occurence and the movement of the cyclones during the transition period.

DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL

127. Rainfall is not equally distributed in the country. Explain with examples.

MONSOON AS A UNIFYING BOND

128. What are the factors responsible for a rhythmic cycle of seasons?
129. Monsoon decides the life of plants, man and animals in India. How?

CLIMATE - Part II

PRESSURE AND  WINDS

51. What are the atmospheric conditions that govern India's weather and climate  condtions?
52. India lies in the region of ------------------winds.
53. How do the north easterly winds decide the atmospheric condition of India?
54. what is Coriolis force?
55. What is the condition of pressure and wind during winter?
56. What are known a the Southwest monsoons?
57. Which monsoon brings wide rainfall over India?
58. What is the jet stream?
59. What do you know about subtropical westerly jet streams?
60. Jet streams blow south of the Himalayas -------------- except in ----------------.
61. What do you know about subtropical easterly jet streams?
62. Write notes on: Western Cyclonic disturbances.

THE INDIAN MONSOON

63. The climate of India is strongly influenced by monsoon winds. True or False?
64. Who were the sailors who were benefited by the monsoons? How were they benefited?
65. The monsoons are experienced in the tropical area roughly between ------------- and ------------.
66. What are the five facts that are important to understand the mechanism of the monsoons?
67. Write notes on the differential heating and cooling of land and water.
68. Give notes on the shift of the postition of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone. (ITCZ)
69. What is monsoon trough?
70. What do you know of the preesence of the high-pressure area, east of Madagascar?
71. What is the result of the intense heat of Tibetan plateau in summer?
72. What are the jet streams that change the monsoon mechanism?
73. Write short notes on ITCZ.
74. How do the pressure conditions over the zouthern oceans affect the monsoons?
75. What is known as the Southern Oscillation or  SO?
76. Describe the El Nino movement.
77. What is ENSO?

THE ONSET OF THE MONSOON AND WITHDRAWAL

78. The monsoon winds are ------------ in nature.
79. When and what is the duration of monsoon?
80. What is known as the burst of the monsoon?
81. When does the monsoon arrive at the southern tip of India?
82. What are the two branches of the mopnsoon?
83. Write notes on the Arabian Sea branch.
84. Write notes on the Bay of Bengal branch.
85. Where does the Arabian Sea branch monsoon arrive during by mid-June?
86. Where do the two branches merge?
87. What are the areas that receive rainfall through the Bay of Bengal branch?
88. Give a  detailed description of the withdrawal of monsoons.