POVERTY AS A CHALLENGE -PART I

OVERVIEW

1. ------------ is one of the mot difficult challenges faced by independent India.

INTRODUCTION

2. Who are consdiered poor?
3. Every ------------ person in India is poor.
4. Roughly -------------- crores of people in India live in poverty.
5. India has the largest single concentration of the poor in the world. True or False?

TWO TYPICAL CASES OF POVERTY

6. Be familiar with the living conditions of Ram Saran.(Urban case)
7. Note the economical and health conditions of his family.
8. Be familiar with the living conditions of Lakha Singh.(Rural case)
9. Note the economical and health conditions of his family.
10.From these two cases what do you think are the major factors that lead to poverty?
11. Where all are the poor people ill-treated?
12. What was Mahatma Gandhi's idea of true independent India?

POVERTY  AS SEEN BY SOCIAL SCIENTISTS

13. What are the social indicators through which poverty is looked at?
14. What is the concept of social exclusion?
15. Social exclusion can be a cause as well as a consequence of poverty. Explain.
16. What is the effect of caste system over social exclusion?
17. Social exclusion does not only mean low income...it is more than that. True or False?

VULNERABILITY

18. What is vulnerability to poverty?
19. What are the factors that determine vulnerability?
20. On what basis is vulnerability analysed?

POVERTY LINE

21. What is poverty line?
22. What do you mean by 'minimum level' of income?
23. Why does poverty line vary with time and place?
24. Why does all countries use imaginary line? Explain with an example.
25. How is poverty line determined in India?
26. What is the present formula for food requirement?
27. What is the accepted average calorie requirement in India?
28. Why are calorie requirements high in rural areas than in urban areas?
29. Why is the monetary expenditure per capita needed for buying calorie requirements periodically revised?
30. What is the difference in fixing poverty line for a rural and that of an urban area? Illustrate with an example.
31. How is the poverty line estimated periodically?
32. Who carries out the surveys of poverty line?
33. What is the interantional uniform standard for the poverty line used by the World Bank?

POVERTY ESTIMATES

34. What is the nature of the poverty ratios in India in the years 1973 to 1993?
35. The percent of the proportion of people below poverty line increases year to year. True or False?
36. Give short notes on the latest poverty estimates.

VULNERABLE GROUPS

37. Which are the social groups that are more vulnerable to poverty?
38. Which are the economical groups most vulnerable to poverty?
39. ---------- out of 100 people belonging to scheduled tribes are not able to meet their basic needs.
40. About ----------------- percent of landless agricultural workers are poor.
41. About ---------------- percent of scheduled castes are also poor.
42. What is the double disadvantage of the SC and ST?
43. What can you say about the inequality of income within a family?
44. Who are the poorest of the poor? Why?
45. Learn the story of Sivaraman.
46. Understand the living conditions of his family.

POPULATION III

HEALTH

76. What are the factors that influence the decline of death rate?
77. Why is health situation a major concern for India?
78. What are the effects of malnutrition?
79. Safe drinking water and basic sanitation amenities are available to only ---------------------- of the rural populaiton.
80. How can these problems be tackled?

ADOLESCENT POPULATION

81. What is the size of the adolescent population in India?
82. What is the age group of adolescents?
83. The adolescents are the most important resource for the future. True or False?
84. What is the difference regarding nutrition requirements of an adolescent and that of a normal child or adult?
85. Is the diet available to adolescents in India adequate?
86. What is the major ailment of most of the adolescent girls?
87. How can be the adolescents made aware of their problems?

NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY

88. Why was the Family Plannin Programme initiated?
89. Write notes on NPP 2000.
90. NPP insists on education upto ------------------ years of age.
91. NPP aims at reducing infant mortality rate to below --------- per 1000 live births.

NPP 2000 AND ADOLESCENTS

92. How does NPP 2000 identify adolescents?
93. On what factors does NPP 2000 lay importance regarding adolescents?
94. What is STD?
95. What are the special plans of NPP 2000 regarding adolescents?
96. Explain: A well - educated healthy population provides potential powers.

POPULATION II

AGE COMPOSITION

51. What does age composotion refer to?
52. How is age composition one of the most basic characteristics of population?
53. According to age, how is population of a nation generally grouped?
54. What can you say of the category of children below 15 years?
55. What can you say of the working age 15 - 59 years?
56. What can you say of the aged above 59 years?
57. How does the percentage of children and the aged affect the dependency ratio?

SEX RATIO

58. Define sex ratio.
59. Why has the sex ration always proved to be unfavourable to females?
60. What is the sex ratio of Kerala, Pondicherry and Delhi?

LITERACY RATES

61. What is the relationship between literacy and population?
62. Who is treated as a literate according to the Census?
63. Has the literacy rate of India improved?
64. Is the literacy rate same for male and female? Why?

OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE

65. What is referred to as occupational structure?
66. How are the occupations classified?
67. What are primary occupations?
68. What are secondary occupations?
69. What are tertiary occupations?
70. What are the occupations of the developed countries?
71. What are the occupations of the developing countries?
72. In India ------------- per cent of the population is engaged only in agriculture.
73. The proportion of population dependent on secondary sectors is -------------.
74. The proportion of population dependent on tertiary sectors is -------------.
75. What are the factors that favour secondary and tertiary sectors?

POPULATION - I

INTRODUCTION

1. How are human beings themselves resources?
2. When does the simple rock coal become a resource?
3. When does a natural event like Tsunami become a disaster?
4. Why is population significant?
5. Human beings are ----------------- and ------------------ of earth's resources.
6. What is census?
7. What are the three major questions about the population? Explain.

POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION

INDIA'S POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION BY NUMBERS

8. What had been the population of India as on March 2001? It accounted for --------------- percent of the world's population.
9. Our country's area is ----------------- sq. km.
10. It accounts for ------------------- percent of the world's area.
11. Which state is the most populous according to Census 2001?
12. Uttar Pradesh accounts for ---------------------- percent of India's population.
13. Which are the less populous states / territories in India?
14. Almost half of India's population lives in just ----------- states.
15. These states are -------------, ----------------, ---------------, ------------- and ---------------.
16. ____________ is the biggest state of India in terms of area.
17. It has only ---------- percent of the total population of India.
18. What could be the reason of uneven distribution of population in India?

INDIA'S POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY DENSITY

19. How is population density calculated?
20. Name the countries that have higher average population densities than India.
21. What was the population density of India in the year 2001?
22. What can you say bout the population density in West bengal and Arunachal Pradesh?
23. Which are the states with population densities below 250 persones per sq.km.?
24. Which states have moderate population densities?
25. What are the factors that have influenced population densities in these areas?
26. Which states have high to very high population densities?
27. What are the factors that have influenced high population densities in these areas?
28. Identify the three states of the Northern Plains with high population denstities.

POPULATION GROWTH AND PROCESSES OF POPULATION CHANGE

29. Population is a ---------------- phenomenon.
30. Why is population a dynamic phenomenon?
31. What are the three processes that influence population?

POPULATION GROWTH

32. What does growth of population refer to?
33. In what two ways can the changes related to population growth be expressed?
34. What do you mean by absolute numbers?
35. How is absolute number obtained?
36. What do you mean by absolute increase?
37. What is annual growth rate?
38. What happened to the rate of growth of population since 1981?
39. How was this rate of decline achieved?
40. India may overtake China in the year ---------------- to become the most populous country in the world.

PROCESSES OF POPULATION CHANGE / GROWTH

41. What are the three main processes of change of population?
42. How do you calculate the natural increase of population?
43. Explain   birth rate.
44. Explain death rate.
45. Explain migration.
46. Differentiate between internal migration and international migration.
47. What are the important reasons of migration from rural to urban areas?
48. Why is migration an important determinant of population change?
49. Why are the cities highly populated?
50. What can you say about 'million plus cities' in India?

NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILD LIFE - III

WILD LIFE

92. India has more than ------------------- animal species.
93. India has more than ---------------- species of birds. They constitute ------- percent of the world's total.
94. There are ------------- species of fish. They constitute -------- percent of the world's stock.
95. India shares ----------------- of the world's amphibians, reptiles and mammals.
96. Elephants are found in ---------------, ------------------ and ----------------.
97. Where are one-horned rhinoceroses found?
98. Where are wild ass and camels found?
99. When was Wildlife Protection Act implemented in India?
100. India is the only country in the world that has both tigers and lions. True or False?
101. Which is the natural habitat of the Indian lion?
102. Where are tigers found?
103. Give an account of the animals found in the Himalayas.
104. Name some birds inhabiting the forests and wetlands of India.
105. List some uses of the animals and birds that help us to lead our life.
107. Why is conservation of flora and fauna essential?
108. ------------------ plant species are endangered and ------------- species are extinct.
109. What are the major threats to nature...flora and fauna?
110. How does pollution affect flora and fauna?
111.

NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILD LIFE - II

TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FORESTS

51. What type of forests are the most widespread in India?
52. What is the other name for tropical deciduous forests?
53. What is the range of rainfall in these forests?
54. What can you say about the shedding of leaves in these forests?
55. How are these forests divided on the basis of availability of water?
56. What is the range of rainfall of the moist deciduous forests?
56. Where are these forests found?
57. What is the most dominant species of this forest?
58. Name some commercially important crops in these forests.
59. What is the range of rainfall of the dry deciduous forests?
60. Where are these forests found?
61. What are the trees that grow here?
62. Why is a large part of this area cleared?
63. What are the common animals found in these forests?

THE THORN FORESTS AND SCRUBS

64. What is the range of rainfall in these forests?
65. Where are these forests found?
66. What are the main plant species?
67. What is the root structure of the plants? Why is it so?
68. What is the stem structure of the plants?
69. How do the leaves look?
70. What are the common animals found in these forests?

MONTANE FORESTS

71. In mountainous areas, how does temperature change the natural vegetation?
72. What are the trees found in the forests between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres?
73. What are the trees found in forests between a height of 1500 and 3000 metres?
74. Where are these forests found?
75. What type of vegetation do you see in the high altitudes?
76. Where is alpine vegetation found?
77. What are the common trees of these forests?
78. How does the vegetation change when they approach the snowline.
79. Name the tribes who are seen here.
80. What forms part of Tundra vegetation at the higher altitude?
81. What are the common animals found in these forests?

MANGROVE FORESTS

82. Where are the mangrove forests found?
83. What is the special feature of the coasts where these forests are found?
84. What are the trees that grow in these forests?
85. What is the famous animal in these forests?
86. What are the common animals found in these forests?

NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE - I

INTRODUCTION

1. How many bio-diversity countries are there in the world?
2. India occupies ---------------- place in the world and ---------------- place in Asia in diversity.
3. There are about  ----------- plant species in India.
4. There are about ---------------- flowering plants in India.
5. India accounts for ------------- percent in the world's total number of flowering plants.
6. Give some examples of non-flowering plants in India.
7. India has --------------- species of animals.
8. It has rich variety of fish in ----------- and -------------- waters.
9. What is referred to as antural vegetation?
10. What do you mean by virgin vegetation?
11. Under what form of vegetation are cultivated crops, fruits and orchards classified? Are they classified under natural vegetation? Why?
12. Explain the terms: a. endemic or indigenous plants. b. exotic plants
13. What is flora?
14. What is fauna?

RELIEF

LAND

15. How does land affect the natural vegetation?
16. The nature of land influences the type of vegetation. True or False?
17. To what type of vegetation are the fertile lands devoted to?
18. What do you see in the terrains where grasslands and woodlands develop?

SOIL

19. Does the soil vary over space?
20. Different types of soil provide basis for different types of vegetation. True or False?
21. What are the plants supported by sandy soils of the desert?
22. What type of vegetation do you see in the hill slopes?

CLIMATE

TEMPERATURE

23. What are the factors that determine the character and extent of vegetation?
24. How is vegetation influenced by temperature on the slopes of the Himalayas?

PHOTOPERIOD (SUNLIGHT)

25. Why does variation in duration of sunlight at different places occur?
26. Why do trees grow faster in summer?

PRECIPITATION

27. Which are the monsoons that bring rain to India?
28. Areas of heavy rainfall have --------------- vegetation than areas of less rainfall.
29. Why are forests important to human beings? Explain in detail.
30. What are the factors that change India's natural vegetation?
31. What is the different feature you find in the the inaccessible areas of Himalayas, the hilly region of central India and marusthali?
32. What was the actual forest cover in 2001?

ECOSYSTEM

33. The nature of animals present in a particular area depends upon its nature of vegetation. True or False?
34. How are animals and plants interdependent and interrelated?
35. How is an ecosystem formed?
36. Human beings are an integral part of ecosystem. True or False?
37. How do the human beings influence the ecology of a region?
38. Why have some of the plants and animals reached the verge of extinction?
39. What is biome?

TYPES OF VEGETATION

40. What are the major types of vegetation in our country?

TROPICAL EVERGREEN FORESTS

41. Name the areas where you see tropical evergreen forests.
42. What is the measure of rainfall?
43. What is the average height of the trees?
44. What kind of climate exists in these forests?
45. What kind of vegetation do you see in these forests?
46. Why do the forests appear green throughout the year?
47. Name some trees of these forests that have commercial significance.
48. What are the common animals found?
49. Where are the one horn rhinoceros found?
50. Apart from the common animals, what other species of animals are seen in these forests?