ATOMS AND MOLECULES – PART I

1.      The idea of divisibility of matter was considered in India during -----------------.

2.      Who was Maharishi Kanad? What was his theory?

3.      What is padarth?

4.      What is Parmanu?

5.      How did Pakudha Katyayama elaborate the theory of divisibility?

6.      Define the divisibility theory proposed by Democritus and Leucippus.

7.      Name the two laws of chemical combination established by Antoine L. Lavoisier.

8.      Who formulated the two laws of chemical combination?

9.      Explain law of conservation of mass with an experiment.

10.  Define law of conservation of mass.

11.  Define law of constant proportions.

12.  In water, the ratio of mass of hydrogen to the mass of oxygen is always --------------.

13.  If 9 g of water is decomposed ------------------- of hydrogen and --------------- of oxygen are always obtained.

14.  In ammonia, nitrogen and hydrogen are always present in the ratio ----------------.

15.  The law of constant proportions is also known as ------------------------.

16.  Define Proust’s theory of law of constant proportions.

17.  How did Dalton formulate his theory to answer the initial questions regarding law of constant proportions?

18.  What are atoms?

19.  Where does the name ‘atom’ derived from?

20.  Dalton’s theory of atoms was based on the law of ---------------------.

21.  Dalton’s atomic theory provided an explanation for the law of -------------------- and the law of -------------------------.

22.  Describe the postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory.

23.  All matter is made of tiny particles called -----------------.

24.  Atoms are ------------------ particles. They cannot be ---------------- or ----------------- in a chemical reaction.

25.  Atoms of a given element are -------------------- in mass and chemical properties.

26.  Atoms of different elements have ---------------------- masses and chemical properties.

27.  Atoms combine in the ratio of ----------------- to form ------------------.

28.  The -------------------- and ---------- are constant in a given compound.

29.  Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory is the result of the law of conservation of mass?

30.  Which postulate of Dalton’s theory can explain the law of definite proportions?

31.  Atomic radius is measured in -------------------.

32.  1m = --------------- nanometer / nm.

33.  ---------------- was the first scientist to use the symbols for elements in a specific sense.

34.  Berzilius suggested that the symbols of elements be made from -------------------------- of the name of the elements.

35.  In the beginning the names of elements were derived from the ------------------------- and --------------------------------.

36.  In the beginning the name of copper was derived from the word ---------------.

37.  What was the confusion that arose while elements were given names from the places where they were first found and their colours?

38.  Expand IUPAC.

39.  Which organization approves the names of elements nowadays?

40.  The first letter of a symbol is always written in ---------------------- and the second letter in ---------------------------.

41.  Explain how symbols are formed by IUPAC.

42.  Learn the symbols of all important elements.

THRUST AND PRESSURE, BUOYANCY, DENSITY ….

  THRUST AND PRESSURE

1.      Why can a camel run in a desert easily?

2.      Why does an army truck rest upon a continuous chain?

3.      Why do trucks and motorbuses have wider tyres?

4.      Why do cutting tools have sharper edges?

5.      Why does a nail have a pointed tip?

6.      Why do buildings have wide foundation?

7.      It is difficult to hold a school bag with a thin strap or a string. Why?

8.      What is thrust?

9.      What is pressure?

10.  Explain the principles of thrust and pressure by giving suitable examples.

11.  The effects of forces of the same magnitude on different areas are -------------------- .

12.  The effect of thrust depends on the ------------------- .

13.  The effect of thrust on sand is ---------------- while standing than while ----------------- .

14.  The thrust on unit area is called ------------------ .

15.  Complete the following:

Pressure = ---------------

16.  SI unit of pressure is ------------- or -------------------.

17.  SI unit of pressure is called Pascal denoted as --------------, in honour of scientist --------------- .

18.  The same force acting on a smaller area exerts -------------------------.

19.  The same force acting on a larger area exerts -------------------------.

PRESSURE IN FLUIDS

20.  Fluids have weight and they exert pressure on the ------------ and wall of the container.

21.  Pressure exerted in any confined mass of fluid is --------------- ---------------------- in all directions.

BUOYANCY

22.  Why do you feel lighter in a swimming pool?

23.  While drawing water from a well the bucket is lighter when it is inside the water level and heavier when it is out..why?

24.  A ship made of iron and steel does not sink in water, whereas a sheet made of the same metals sink in water. Why?

25.  Define buoyancy.

26.  Explain buoyancy by doing an activity.

27.  Weight of an object is the ----------------- due to gravitational attraction of the earth.

28.  All objects experience ------------------------- when they are immersed in a fluid.

29.  The upward force exerted by the water on a given object is known as ---------------------- or -----------------------------.

30.  The magnitude of the buoyant force depends on the density of the fluid. True or False?

WHY OBJECTS FLOAT OR SINK WHEN PLACED ON THE SURFACE OF WATER?

31.  Why do objects float or sink when placed on the surface of water? Explain with an activity.
32. When would an object float in a liquid?
33. When would an object sink in a liquid?

ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE

32. Define Archimedes' Principle.
33. Explain Archimedes' Principle with an example.
34. List the applications of Archimedes' Principle.

RELATIVE DENSITY

35. What is density?
36. What is the unit of density?
37. Define relative density.
38. Relative density = ---------------------.
39. Relative density has an unit. True or False?

FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM ...Part -I

INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPHS

1. List any 10 items around you that are obtained from forests.

2.      List the major supportive things of life that are provided by the forest.

3.      What percent of the world’s total area was cleared between 1700 and 1995?

4.      Why was a considerable area of the world cleared between 1700 and 1995?

5.      What area of the world was cleared between 1700 and 1995?

WHY DEFORESTATION?

6.      Define deforestation.

7.      During the ------------------------ deforestation became more systematic and extensive.

8.      In 1600 approximately ------------------------- of India’s landmass was under cultivation.

LAND TO BE IMPROVED

9.      With the increase in ----------------- over the centuries the demand for food has also increased.

10.  With the increase in population over the centuries the demand for -------------------- has also increased.

11.  As population increased peasants increased the boundaries of cultivation by (i) ------------------- and (ii) --------------------- .

12.  List the causes of deforestation in India during the British rule.

13.  List the commercial crops produced by the British.

14.  The demand for commercial crops increased in --------------- century Europe.

15.  During the 19^th century forests were considered to be ------------------ .

16.  Between 1880 and 1920, cultivated area rose by ------------------------- hectares.

SLEEPERS ON THE TRACKS

17.  Name the factor that created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy.

18.  How was the problem of timber supply solved?

19.  Explain the features of ship-building during colonial rule.

20.  What was the demand caused by the spread of the railways?

21.  Each mile of railway tracks required between --------------- and ---------------- sleepers.

22.  The length of the railway track in 1890 was ----------------- .

23.  The length of the railway track in 1946 was ----------- .

24.  How did the spread of the railway tracks affected forests / trees?

PLANTATIONS

25.  Explain tea, coffee plantation during colonial rule.

26.  How did the plantation of tea/ coffee affected the forests?

27.  Why were forests cleared off rapidly during the colonial period?

a.       To fulfil the demand of commercial crops.

b.      Forests were considered to be wasteland.

c.       To fulfil the demand of timber

d.      All the above.

THE RISE OF COMMERCIAL FORESTRY

28.  The British employed a German expert ------------------- for advice regarding forests.

29.  -------------------- was the first Inspector General of forests in India.

30.  Explain the reforms brought out by Brandis. (or) Explain the achievements of Brandis.

31.  Brandis set up the Indian Forest Service (IFS) in -------- .

32.  The Indian Forest Act was formulated in ----------------- .

33.  The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at --------------------- in ------------------- .

34.  In 1906, at Dehradun ----------------------- was set up.

35.  The Imperial Forest Research Institute taught ---------------------- .

36.  What is called plantation according to scientific forestry?

37.  Explain scientific theory.

38.  What were the provisions of Forest Act of 1878?

39.  The 1865 Forest Act was amended ------------------- once in ----------------- and once again in ---------------------------.

HOW WERE THE LIVES OF PEOPLE AFFECTED?

40.  Foresters and villagers had same ideas / different ideas regarding good forest.

41.  Why did the villagers need forests?

42.  Why did the Foresters need forests / trees?

43.  How do forest people  make use of forest products?

44.  Fruits and tubers are eaten as they provide ---------------- .

45.  Herbs are used for ---------------------- .

46.  Wood is used for agricultural implements like -------------------- and ------------------ .

47.  Bamboo is used to make -------------, ---------- and -----------.

48.  A dried scooped-out gourd can be used as a -------------------------- .

49.  What are the uses of leaves?

50.  ------------------ is used to make ropes.

51.  The bark of -------------------- is used to grate vegetables.

52.  The fruit of --------------------- gives oil.

53.  How did the Forest Act affect the life of villagers? (OR) Describe the hardships faced by the villagers due to Forest Act.

54.  Why did the villagers steal wood from the forests?

55.  How did the policemen and forest guards harass people?

HOW DO FOREST RULES AFFECT CULTIVATION?

56.  What is the other name of ‘shifting cultivation’?

57.  ‘Shifting cultivation’ was practiced in many parts of ------------------- , -------------- and ------------.

58.  Shifting cultivation is called ---------------------- in South East Asia.

59.  It is called --------------------- in Central America.

60.  It is called -------- in Africa.

61.  It is called ---------------- in Srilanka.

62.  What are the local names of shifting cultivation in India?

63.  Explain the features of shifting cultivation.

64.  Why was the practice of shifting cultivation banned by European foresters?

65.  What was the result of the ban imposed by the government on shifting cultivation?

66.  What are sleepers?

DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS ... Part – I

INTRODUCTION

1.      All living organisms vary in their ----------------- , ---------------------- and ----------------- .

WHAT IS THE BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION?

2.      On what basis did Aristotle propose his theory of classification?

3.      Why was the classification theory of Aristotle misleading?

4.      --------------------------- should be the basis for making broadest divisions.

5.      What do you mean by ‘characteristics’?

6.      What is the need for classification of organisms?

7.      Give three examples of the range of variations that you see in life forms around you.

8.      On what bases are plants and animals put into different categories?

CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION

9.      What is evolution?

10.  -------------- first described the idea of evolution in the year ----------------- , in his book --------------------------------------- .

11.  Explain ‘primitive’ or ‘lower’ organisms.

12.  Explain ‘advanced’ or ‘higher’ organisms.

13.  Differentiate older and younger organisms.

14.  Distinguish between primitive and advanced organisms.

MORE TO KNOW
a. -------------- means the diversity of life forms.
b. What is biodiversity?
c. What is megadiversity?
d. Name the countries in which biodiversity is concentrated.

THE HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION - GROUPS

15.  All living organisms are divided into broad categories called kingdoms by biologists --------------, ------------ and ---------------- .

16.  Name the five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker.

17.  Whittaker formed the groups on the basis of the ------------------ , ----------------------- and -------------------- .

18.  What was the modification introduced buy Woese in Whittaker’s theory of classification?

19.  On the basis of hierarchy of characteristics classification is done on seven units. List them.

20.  Which is the basic unit of classification?

21.  What do you mean by ‘species’?

MONERA

22.  Explain the special features of classification regarding prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

23.  Monera have / do not have a defined nucleus or organelles.

24.  Monera show / do not show multi-cellular body designs.

25.  Explain : autotrophic.

26.  Explain:  heterotrophic.

27.  Monera includes organisms such as: ------------------, ------------------ and --------------------.

28.  Monera are prokaryotic/ eukaryotic.

PROTISTA

29.  Protista are prokaryotic/ eukaryotic.

30.  What are appendages?

31.  What is the use of appendages?

32.  Mode of nutrition of Protista can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. True of False?

33.  Examples of Protista are ----------------, ---------------- and ------------------------ .

FUNGI

34.  Fungi are autotrophic organisms. True or False?

35.  Fungi are eukaryotic / prokaryotic.

36.  What is chitin?

37.  Give examples of fungi.

38.  Explain the term ‘symbiotic’.

39.  What are lichens?

PLANTAE

40.  Plantae are multi cellular eukaryotes. True of False?

41.  Do plantae have cell walls?

42.  Plantae are heterotrophs. True or False?

43.  Plantae use -------------------- for photosynthesis.

ANIMALIA

44.  Animalia include organisms which are multi-cellular. True of False?

45.  Animalia are heterotrophs. True of False?

PLANTAE

46.  Why is the body design of an amoeba different from that of a worm?

47.  Animalia have cellwalls / do not have cell walls.

48.  What factors do the first level of classification among plants depend on?

49.  What factors do the second level of classification among plants depend on?

50.  What factors do the third level of classification among plants depend on?

THALLOPHYTA

51.  Explain: Thallophyta.

52.  Plants that do not have well-differentiated body design fall in the group ------------------ .

53.  Plants in Thallophyta are commonly called ---------------------- .

54.  Plants in Thallophyta are aquatic. True of False?

BRYOPHYTA

55.  What are called amphibians of the plant kingdom?

56.  Explain the special features of Bryophyta.

57.  How is the plant body divided in Bryophyta?

58.  What do you know about the conduction of water and other substances in Bryophyta?

59.  Give examples for Bryophyta.

PTERIDOPHYTA

60.  How is the plant body divided in Pteridophyta?

61.  What do you know about conduction of water and other substances in Pteridophyta?

62.  Give examples for Pteridophyta.

63.  What are the common features of thallophytes, bryophytes and pteridophytes?

64.  What are called ‘cryptogamae’?

65.  --------------- are those with hidden reproductive organs.

66.  What are phanerogams?

67.  ------------------ are the result of the reproductive process in plants.

68.  What are gymnosperms and angiosperms?

69.  Explain the functions of seeds.

GYMNOSPERMS

70.  What is the meaning of gymno?

71.  What is the meaning of sperma?

72.  Explain the special features of gymnosperms.

73.  Give examples of gymnosperms.

ANGIOSPERMS

74.  What is the meaning of angio?

75.  What are the special features of angiosperms?

76.  Angiosperms are also called ------------------.

77.  What are cotyledons?

78.  What are called seed leaves? Why are they called so?

79.  What are monocotyledons?

80.  Monocotyledons are also called ------------------ .

81.  What are dicots?