POVERTY AS A CHALLENGE - PART II

INTER-STATE DISPARITIES

47. The proportion of the poor people is not the same in every state. True or False?
48. Name the states where poverty is still a serious problem.
49. Name the two poorest states. What is their poverty ratio?
50. Name the states where rural as well as urban poverty is high.
51. Name the states where there is decline in poverty.
52. How have these states reduced poverty?

GLOBAL POVERTY SCENARIO

53. How does World Bank define the proportion of people in developing countries living in extreme economic poverty?
54. What is the reason of decline of poverty in China and Southeast Asian countries?
55. Describe the state of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa.
56. Describe the state of poverty in Latin America.
57. What is the international poverty line?
58. Write notes on the Millenium Development Goals.

CAUSES OF POVERTY

59. How did the British government play a major role for the widespread of poverty?
60. How did the colonial policies affect handicrafts and textile industries?
61. ------------------- and ----------------- combined to make the growth rate per capita income very low.
62. How were the job opportunities created in the agricultural sector?
63. Were these job opportunities equally available throughout India?
64. In cities, what did people do when they could not find suitable jobs?
65. Why were they forced to live in slums?
66. How do the huge income inequalities lead to high poverty?
67. How could have the proper implementation of the land resources helped to reduce poverty?
68. What are the socio-cultural and economic factors responsible for poverty?

ANTI-POVERTY MEASURES

69. What are the two planks of the current anti-poverty strategy?
70. In the 1950s official poverty estimates were about ------------- percent.
71. Prove that there is a strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction.
72. Why are targeted anti-poverty programmes needed?
73. What is NREGA? When was it passed?
74. What are the features of NREGA?
75. What is NFWP?
76. What are the features of NFWP?
77. What is PMRY? When was it started?
78. What are the features of PMRY?
79. What is REGP? When was it launched?
80. What are the features of REGP?
81. What is PMGY? When was it launched?
82. What are the features of PMGY?
83. What is AAY?
84. What were the results of these programmes?

THE CHALLENGES AHEAD

85. What is the official definition of poverty?
86. Why is eradication of poverty  a moving target?

HISTORY AND SPORT - THE STORY OF CRICKET - PART II

CRICKET, RACE AND RELIGION

54. On what principle was cricket organised in India in the beginning?
55. When and where  was the First Indian Club established in India?
56. How was cricket played in India through the eighteenth century?
57. Apart from fun, what all other reliefs were given by cricket?
58. Were the Indians considered to have talent in cricket? What was the reality?
59. What do you know of the origins of Indian cricket?
60. Who found the first Indian Club in Bombay? What was the name of the club?
61. Who funded the Parsi clubs?
62. Did the whites encourage the Parsis club?
63. What was the issue between the whites and the Parsis over the public park?
64. How did this dispute have a happy ending?
65. When did the Parsis beat the Bombay Gymkhana club?
66. Who was the famous Parsi in the Indian National Congress?
67. In what way did Parsi Gymkhana became a precedent?
68. What did the Hindus and muslims do in the 1890s for cricket?
69. The gymkhana cricket led to first class cricket being organised on ------------ and ----------- lines.
70. Describe the quadrangular tournament.
71. Today cricket is based on region or religion?
72. In the beginning cricket was based on region or religion?
73. When did the Quadrangular became a Pentangular?
74. What was the nature of the fifth team?
75. Why was the Pentangular tournament criticised?
76. How did Mahatma Gandhi condemn this Pentangular tournament?
77. What replaced the Pentangular tournament? When?
78. Pentangular tournament can be otherwise called ---------------- and it ended with the ----------.

THE MODERN TRANSFORMATION OF THE GAME

79. Modern cricket is dominated by -------------- and ------------------ games.
80. Why are some players of the past always remembered and some players forgotten? Name some players who are remembered and who are forgotten.
81. Who was the country's first Test captain?
82. India entered the world of test cricket in the year ---------.
83. Which countries played the first test cricket match?

DECOLONISATION AND SPORT

84. What is decolonisation?
85. When did it begin and how long did it last?
86. What was the result of decolonisation?
87. What was the state of ICC in the earlier years of independence?
88. Imperiacl Cricket Conference was changed to International Cricket Conference in the year ----------.
89. When was the status of equal membership achieved?
90. What was the policy of racial segregation followed in the game of cricket?
91. Why did India, Pakistan and West Indies boycotted South Africa?
92. Why were these countries not successful?
93. How did the new decolonised nations of Asia and Africa oppose South Africa?

COMMERCE, MEDIA AND CRICKET TODAY

94. The ---------- were the decade in which cricket was transformed.
95. Why was the year 1971 a landmark in cricket?
96. Who played the first one-day international? Where was it played?
97. When was the first world cup staged?
98. Why was it a great success?
99. When did cricket celebrated 100 years of Test matches?
100. The game had been changed a lot not by a ----------- or  -------------, but by a ----------------.
101. Who is Kerry Packer? How did he add more interest to the game of cricket?
102. What were the changes brought into the game of cricket after it started to be televised?
103. Why is cricket a marketable game?
104. How did cricket boards become rich?
105. How did cricketers emerge as celebrities?
106. In what other ways do cricketers make money?
107. How has television coverage changed cricket?
108. What all aspects created a global market for cricket?
109. Which country has the large viewership for the game?
110. Which is the largest market in the cricketing world?
111. Where was the headquarters of ICC? Where is it now?
112. What are the two advances in the field of bowling?
113. How are these two skills enabling a better game?
114. Why are these two skills considered illegal?
115. How did the Asian countries take away the fame of cricket from the Biritish and the Australians?

SOUND - PART II

SPEED OF SOUND IN DIFFERENT MEDIA

74. Sound of a thunder is heard ---------------- than the flash of light is seen.
75. The speed of sound is ---------------- the speed of light.
76. Temperature influences the speed of sound. True or False?
77. The speed of sound ---------------- when we go from solid to gaseous state.
78. In any medium, as we increase the temperature the speed of sound increases. True or False? Give example.
79. Go through the table 12.1.

REFLECTION OF SOUND

80. Sound gets reflected at the surface of a solid and liquid. True or False?
81. What is normally needed for the reflection of the sound waves?
82. Learn the activity related to reflection of sound and understand the process.

ECHO

83. What is called an echo?
84. The sensation of sound persists in our brain for about --------- s.
85. When could you hear a distinct echo? Explain in detail.
86. What is t
he relationship between echo and the rolling of thunder?

REVERBERATION

87. What is reverberation?
88. What are the steps to be taken to reduce reverberation?

USES OF MULTIPLE REFLECTION OF SOUND

89. How are the musical instruments designed to send sound?
90. How is the sound heard in the stethoscope?
93. How are the ceilings of the concert halls designed?

RANGE OF HEARING

94. The audible range of sound for human beings extends from about ------------ to ------------.
95. Children upto five years and dogs can hear upto ----------------.
96. How is the hearing affected as the human beings grow old?
97. What are called infrasound or infrasonic sound?
98. What is the infrasound of frequency used by rhinoceroses for communication?
99. How can some animals hear the sound of earth quake even before it occurs?
100. What are called ultra sound or ultrasonic sound?
101. Name the creatures that produce ultrasonic sound.

APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND

102. How are ultrasounds used extensively in industries and for medical purposes?
103. How is ultrasound used for the purpose of cleaning?
104. How can ultrasounds be used to detect cracks and flaws in metal blocks?
105. What is called echocardiography / ECG?
106. Describe the functioning and uses of ultrasonic scanner.
107. What is called ultrasonography?
108. What is the use of utltrasound in the breaking and removal of kidney stones?

SONAR

109. Expand SONAR.
110. What is sonar?
111. How does the sonar work? Explain in detail.
112. What is called echo-ranging?
113. What are the uses of sonar?
114. How do bats locate food in the dark?
115. Why do porpoises use ultrasound?

STRUCTURE OF HUMAN EAR

116. Describe in detail the auditory aspect of human ear.
117. What is pinna?
118. What is the function of pinna?
119. What is the function of the middle ear?
120. What is cochlea? What is its function?

SOUND - PART I

INTRODUCTION

1. What is sound?

PRODUCTION OF SOUND

2. Can you produce sound without a vibrating object? Explain with example.
3. Give examples of some actions that produce sound.
4. What is vibration?
5. How is human voice produced?

Go through activities 12.1 and 12.2.

PROPAGATION OF SOUND

6. How is sound produced?
7. What is called a medium?
8. The medium can be -----------, ---------------- and ---------------.
9. Describe the process of formation of sound and how it it is heard by us.
10. What is a wave?
11. How do the waves influence the sound?
12. How can be sound visualised as a wave?
13. What are mechanical waves? Why are they called so?
14. ----------- is the most common medium through which wound travels.
15. What is called compression?
16. What is called rarefaction?
17. Compression is the region of ----------------.
18. Rarefaction is the region of ----------------.
19. Pressure is related to the ----------------- of a medium in a given volume.
20. Propagation of sound can be visualised as ---------------------------- or ------------------------ in the medium.

SOUND NEEDS A MEDIUM TO TRAVEL

21. Sound cannot travel through ----------------------.
22. Explain with an experiment, the necessity of a medium for the sound to travel.

SOUND WAVES ARE LONGITUDINAL WAVES

23. What are longitudinal waves?
24. Why are sound waves longitudinal waves?
25. How do the particles of the medium move in the longitudinal wave?
26. What is a transverse wave?
27. What is the difference between the longitudinal and the transverse wave?
28. How do the particles move in the transverse wave?
29. Light is a ------------- wave.
30. Why is not a transverse wave a mechanical wave? Explain.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOUND WAVE

31. We can describe a sound wave by its ----------, --------------- and ----------------.
32. How does the density and pressure of the medium  vary at a given time?
33. Compressions are the regions where particles are -----------------------------.
34. Compressions are represented by the ------------------- of the curve.
35. The peak represents the region of ---------------------------.
36. Compressions are regions where -------------- and --------------  are high.
37. Rarefactions are the regions where particles are ----------------.
38. Rarefactions are represented by the ----------------- of the curve.
39. A peak is called the --------------- and a valley is called the ---------------.
40. What is called the wavelength?
41. How is the wavelength represented?
42. What is the SI unit of wavelength?
43. When sound is propagated through a medium, the density of the medium oscillates between ------------ and ---------------.
44. What makes one complete oscillation?
45. How can you get the frequency of the sound wave?
46. What is called the time period of the wave?
47. Time period is represented by the symbol ----------.
48. Its SI unit is -------------.
49. Frequency and time period are related as ---------------------.
50. Why is the sound produced by a violin and a flute played at the same time in an orchestra differ when we hear?
51. What is called the pitch?
52. How does the vibration affect the pitch?
53. What does high pitch sound correspond to?
54. How are diffferent pitch created?
55. What is called the amplitude of the wave?
56. It is represented by the letter -----------------.
57. What is the unit of amplitude?
58. ------------- and ------------- of a sound are determined by its amplitude.
59. What is the difference in the sound produced when we strike a table lightly and when we hit it harder? Why is it so?
60. Why can loud sound travel a larger distance?
61. A sound wave spreads from its -------------.
62. As the sound wave moves away from the source its -------------- and ---------------- decrease.
63. What is the quality or timber of sound?
64. What is the characteristic of the timber of sound?
65. What is a sound of rich quality?
66. What is called a tone?
67. What is a note?
68. What is the quality of noise? Why?
69. What is the quality of music? Why?
70. Practise the sums and questions given in page 166.
71. What is called the intensity of sound?
72.' Loudness' and 'Intensity' are same. True or False?
73. What is loudness?

HISTORY AND SPORT - THE STORY OF CRICKET - PART I

INTRODUCTION

1. Cricket grew out of the many ---------------- games played in England about ------------- years ago.
2. What is the meaning of the word 'bat'?
3. What did the people do on Sunday instead of going to church?
4. What was the kind of cricket bat used till the middle of the eighteenth century?
5. Why was this type of bat used?

THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CRICKET AS A GAME IN ENGLAND

6. The -------------- and ---------------- history of England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, shaped the game and gave cricket its unique nature.
7. What are the differences between cricket and other games which make cricket a unique game?
8. What is the difference between cricket and football?
9. What is the difference between cricket and baseball?
10. What is the length of the pitch?
11. Describe the different dimensions of cricket grounds quoting examples.
12. When were the 'Laws of Cricket' published?
13. What are the laws stated in the 'Laws of Cricket'?
14. How many umpires are needed?
15. Describe the stumps.
16. Describe the cricket ball.
17. When and where was the first cricket club formed?
18. What do you know of the MCC revision of the laws of cricket?
19. How did the styles of bowling change?
20. What were the changes made to the ball?
21. When was the first leg before law published?
22. What were the changes made to the game in the nineteenth century?
23. What are the special features of cricket that made the game favourite of the villagers?
24. What do you know of the dispute regarding boundaries?
25. Cricket has changed, yet fundamentally remained true to its origins. Explain.
26. Explain how the bat and ball are made. Explain the changes that have been made in making the bat and ball.
27. What is the difference regarding tools between golf, tennis and cricket?
28. What kind of bat did Dennis Lillee want to play with? What was the result?
29. How has technology changed / influenced cricket?

CRICKET AND VICTORIAN ENGLAND

30. How did the game of cricket reflect the nature of England life?
31. Who paid the professionals?
32. Why did not the professionals get employment throughout the year?
33. State the differences between amateurs and professional players.
34. Why do the laws of cricket always give the benefit of doubt to the batsmen?
35. Why was the captain of cricket team generally a batsman?
36. When was the English cricket team led by a professional at first? Who was that captain?
37. Battle of Waterloo was won on the --------------------------.
38. What do you know of the importance of the school of Eton and its connection with cricket?
39. On what grounds were the boys trained in the school of Eton?
40. Who was Thomas Arnold?
41. How did Thomas Arnold use the games of cricket and rugby to train the boys?
42. How did cricket boost up the self image of the English elite?
43. Write notes on the Napoleanic war and its connection with English people and cricket.

THE SPREAD OF CRICKET

44.Playing cricket became a sign of ------------- and ----------- status.
45. Why were the Afro Caribbean population discouraged from participating in the game?
46. When was the first non-white club established in the West Indies?
47. Where did the West Indies play cricket? Where did the whites in the West Indies play cricket?
48. How was cricket viewed in the Caribbean?
49. --------------- and ------------------ were the political leaders  considered cricket as a chance for self respect and international understanding.
50. How did cricket help to make West Indies and the whites equal?
51. What were the two ironies connected to the victory of West Indies over the whites in 1950?
52. When was a national team given the right to represent India in a test match?
53. On what basis do cricket fans take sides?

NATURAL RESOURCES - PART III

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

94. How is the biosphere made as a dynamic and stable system?

THE WATER CYCLE

95. How is the rain caused?
96. What is known as the water cycle?
97. What are the sources of human usage of water?
98. How do rivers help the marine organisms?

THE NITROGEN CYCLE

99. Nitrogen gas makes up ------------- of our atmosphere.
100. Nitrogen is a part of many molecules that supply ------------, ----------------- and some ---------.
101. Nitrogen is found in biological compounds like -------------- and -----------------.
102. All these life-forms could use nitrogen directly from the atmosphere. True or False?
103. What are 'nitrogen-fixing' bacteria?
104. Where are they found?
105. What is the result of the convertion of nitrogen during lightning?
106. Plants generally take up nitrates and nitrites and convert them into ----------------- which are used to make ---------------.
107. Describe the nitrogen cycle.

THE CARBON CYCLE

108. What are the forms in which carbon is found on the earth?
109. Carbon molecules contain --------, ---------, ---------------, -------------- and ----------------.
110. The ----------------- and ------------------- of various animals are formed from carbonate salts.
111. How is carbon incorporated into life-forms?
112. How does utilisation of glucose help the living things?
113. How is glucose converted to carbondioxide?
114. Write notes on the process of combustion.
115. How has industrial revolution affected the percentage of carbon dioxide?

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

116. Why is temperature inside a glass enclosure much higher than the surroundings?
117. How can tropical plants be kept warm during colder climates?
118. Describe the greenhouse effect.
119. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases. True or False?
120. What is global warming? What are its consequences?

THE OXYGEN CYCLE

121. Oxygen is a very abundant element on our earth. True or False?
122. Oxygen is found in the ------------ form in the atmosphere to the extent of ------------ percent.
123. Oxygen exists in the combined form in the ------------------- and in the air in the form of -------------.
124. How is oxygen found in the crust?
125. What are the biological molecules for which oxygen is an essential component?
126. Name the three processes that use up oxygen in the atmosphere.
127. How is oxygen returned to the atmosphere?
128. Describe oxygen cycle.
129. What are poisoned by oxygen?

OZONE LAYER

130. Elemental oxygen is found in the form of a ------------ molecule.
131. In the upper area of the atmosphere a molecule containing ----------- atoms of oxygen is found.
132. What is O3 otherwise called?
133. What is the difference between Oxygen and Ozone?
134. What is the most essential function of Ozone?
135. Why is the ozone layer getting depleted?
136. What are the consequences of the reduction of the ozone layer over earth?

POVERTY AS A CHALLENGE -PART I

OVERVIEW

1. ------------ is one of the mot difficult challenges faced by independent India.

INTRODUCTION

2. Who are consdiered poor?
3. Every ------------ person in India is poor.
4. Roughly -------------- crores of people in India live in poverty.
5. India has the largest single concentration of the poor in the world. True or False?

TWO TYPICAL CASES OF POVERTY

6. Be familiar with the living conditions of Ram Saran.(Urban case)
7. Note the economical and health conditions of his family.
8. Be familiar with the living conditions of Lakha Singh.(Rural case)
9. Note the economical and health conditions of his family.
10.From these two cases what do you think are the major factors that lead to poverty?
11. Where all are the poor people ill-treated?
12. What was Mahatma Gandhi's idea of true independent India?

POVERTY  AS SEEN BY SOCIAL SCIENTISTS

13. What are the social indicators through which poverty is looked at?
14. What is the concept of social exclusion?
15. Social exclusion can be a cause as well as a consequence of poverty. Explain.
16. What is the effect of caste system over social exclusion?
17. Social exclusion does not only mean low income...it is more than that. True or False?

VULNERABILITY

18. What is vulnerability to poverty?
19. What are the factors that determine vulnerability?
20. On what basis is vulnerability analysed?

POVERTY LINE

21. What is poverty line?
22. What do you mean by 'minimum level' of income?
23. Why does poverty line vary with time and place?
24. Why does all countries use imaginary line? Explain with an example.
25. How is poverty line determined in India?
26. What is the present formula for food requirement?
27. What is the accepted average calorie requirement in India?
28. Why are calorie requirements high in rural areas than in urban areas?
29. Why is the monetary expenditure per capita needed for buying calorie requirements periodically revised?
30. What is the difference in fixing poverty line for a rural and that of an urban area? Illustrate with an example.
31. How is the poverty line estimated periodically?
32. Who carries out the surveys of poverty line?
33. What is the interantional uniform standard for the poverty line used by the World Bank?

POVERTY ESTIMATES

34. What is the nature of the poverty ratios in India in the years 1973 to 1993?
35. The percent of the proportion of people below poverty line increases year to year. True or False?
36. Give short notes on the latest poverty estimates.

VULNERABLE GROUPS

37. Which are the social groups that are more vulnerable to poverty?
38. Which are the economical groups most vulnerable to poverty?
39. ---------- out of 100 people belonging to scheduled tribes are not able to meet their basic needs.
40. About ----------------- percent of landless agricultural workers are poor.
41. About ---------------- percent of scheduled castes are also poor.
42. What is the double disadvantage of the SC and ST?
43. What can you say about the inequality of income within a family?
44. Who are the poorest of the poor? Why?
45. Learn the story of Sivaraman.
46. Understand the living conditions of his family.