STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

INTRODUCTION

1. ------------- and ---------------- are the fundamental building blocks of matter.
2. What was the major challenge faced by the scientists before 19th century regarding atoms?

CHARGED PARTICLES IN MATTER

3. An atom is ------------ and consists of -------------- particles.
4. The electron was identified by ----------------.
5. Who discovered the presence of new radiations even before the electrons were found?
6. What are canal rays?
7. These rays were ----------------- charged radiations.
8. What is proton? What are its characteristics?
9. Electron is represented as --------- and proton as -------------.
10. What can you say about the mass of electron?
11. What can you say about the mass of proton?
12. Protons and electrons mutually balance their charges. True or False?

THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

13. According to Dalton's theory atom is indivisible and indestructible. True or False?
14. What lead to the failure of Dalton's theory of atom which states that atom is indivisible an indestructible?
15. Who was the first one to propose a model for the structure of an atom?

THOMSON'S MODEL OF AN ATOM

16. Thomson's model of an atom is similar to that of a ---------------.
17. The electrons were like ----------------.
18. How can you connect watermelon and an atom?
19. How are the electrons studded in an atom?
20. What are the proposals of Thomson?
21. What were the drawbacks of Thomson's model?

RUTHERFORD'S MODEL OF AN ATOM

22. Rutherford concentrated more on the arrangement of -------------- in an atom.
23. In his experiment fast moving -------------- were made to fall on a thin gold foil.
24. Why did he select a gold foil? Explain the nature of the gold foil selected.
25. Write a note on the alpha particles used in the experiment.
26. Why didn't he expect large deflections?
27. What were the observations made by Rutherford?
28. What were his words on the observation?
29. Describe a suitable experiment in an open field equivalent to Rutherford's experiment?
30. What were the conclusions made by Rutherford?
31. What are the features of Rutherford's atomic model?

DRAWBACKS OF RUTHERFORD'S MODEL OF THE ATOM

32. The revolution of the electron in a circular orbit is not expected to be -------------.
33. Describe the drawbacks of Rutherford;s model of atom.

BOHR'S MODEL OF THE ATOM

34. What were the postulates of Bohr's model of atom?

NEUTRONS

35. Who discovered neutron?
36. What are the new aspects discovered by J. Chadwick?
37. Neutrons are present in the nucleus of all atoms except ---------------.
38. How can you calculate the mass of an atom?

HOW ARE ELECTRONS DISTRIBUTED IN DIFFERENT ORBITS(SHELLS) ?

39. Who suggested the distribution of electrons into different orbits?
40. What are the rules followed for writing the number of electrons in different energy levels / shells?
41. Have an idea of the fig. 4.4.

VALENCY

42. What are valence electrons?
43. From the Bohr-Bury scheme we know that the outermost shell of an atom can accomodate a maximum of ------------------ electrons.
44. Which atoms show little chemical activity?
45. When can the combining capacity or valence be zero?
46. Define 'comibining capacity'.
47. What is an octet?
48. How is an octet achieved?
49. How can you calculate the valency?
50. What is the different way of calculating valency? Why is this way needed?
51. Go through the table 4.1.

ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

ATOMIC NUMBER

52. It is the number of ----------- of an atom, which determines its atomic number.
53. Atomic number is denoted by the letter ----------.
54. All atoms of an element have the same atomic number. True or False?
55. Elements are defined by the number of ---------- they possess.
56. Why is Z=1 in a hydrogen atom?
57. Define atomic number.

MASS NUMBER

58. Mass of an atom is practically due to ----------- and -------------- alone.
59. What are nucleons? Why are they called so?
60. The mass of an atom resides in its --------------.
61. Find out the mass of an atom giving an example.
62. Define mass number.
63. How would you represent thbe atomic number, mass number and symbol of an element? Give example.

ISOTOPES

64. Define isototopes. Give example.
65. Define hydrogen atom as an isotope.
66. What are the three isotopes of hydrogen atom?
67. The chemical properties of isotopes are -------------, but their physical properties are ----------------.
68. What are the isotopes of chlorine atom?
69. Describe an experiment to to find out which of the isotope is to be considered for calculating the mass of chlorine atom.
70. How are the special properties of some isotopes useful in different fields?

ISOBARS

71. What are isobars? Explain with example.

DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

LIFE WITHOUT RIGHTS

PRISON IN GUANTANAMO BAY

1. Where is Guantanamo Bay?
2. Guantanamo Bay  is controlled by -----------.
3. What is Amnesty International?
4. What was its report about the Guantanamo Bay?
5. How did the prisoners protest?
6. What was the proposal of the UN Secretary General? Did the US government accept the proposal?

CITIZENS' RIGHTS IN SAUDI ARABIA

7. What do you know of the citizens' rights in Saudi Arabia?
8. Women are subjected to many -------------------.
9. The testimony of one man is considered equal to --------------------.
10. These kind of restrictions exist not only in Saudi Arabia, but in many countries in the world.

ETHNIC MASSACRE IN KOSOVO

11. Write notes on Milosevic and his government.
12. In what way was the treatment different for the Serbs and for other minorities like Albanians.
13. What happened to an Albanian family?
14. What happened to Milosevic in the end?

RIGHTS IN A DEMOCRACY

WHAT ARE RIGHTS?

15. What are rights or claims?
16. Why are such rights needed?
17. A right is possible when you make a claim that is ------------------- for others.
18. The claims should be --------------.
19. What should be the nature of the right or claim?
20. The right has to be recognised by the ---------------.
21. What becomes the basis of rights?
22. Why do rights change from time to time and from society to society?
23. Why should the rights be made as laws?

WHY DO WE NEED RIGHTS IN A DEMOCRACY?

24. Rights are necessary for the very sustenance of --------------.
25. What are the rights of citizens regarding voting and election?
26. What do you know of the rights of the minorities?
27. Why should some rights be placed higher than the government?

RIGHTS IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

28. What are Fundamental Rights?
29. Constitution provides for --------------- Fundamental Rights.

RIGHT TO EQUALITY

30. What is called the rule of the law?
31. Every citizen is subjected to the same law. True or False?
32. What are the aspects against which the government cannot discriminate?
33. What are the rights regarding public jobs?
34. Are reservations against the laws of equality?
35. What does equality mean?
36. What does untouchability mean?
37. What is the resolution of thee Constitution against untouchability?

RIGHT TO FREEDOM

38. What does freedom mean?
39. What are the rights prescribed by the India Constitution?
40. When can the government impose restrictions on the freedom of citizens?
41. What is freedom of speech and expression?
42. Explain the aspects where all freedom cannot be used.
43. What do you know of the freedom to conduct demonstrations?
44. What do you know of the freedom of travel?
45. What is perosnal liberty?

RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION

46. What are the three specific evils declared illegal by the Constitution?

RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION

47. What is a secular state?
48. Write notes on Indian secularism.
49. What is freedom of religion?
50. What are the restrictions regarding the freedom of religion?
51. Are the punishments of law according to the religion?
52. There shall be no religious instruction in the government educational institutions. True or False?

CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS

53. Why does the Constitution specify cultural and educational rights only to the monorities?
54. What are the cultural and educational rights specified by the Consstitution?
55. What do you know of language majority and minority?

HOW CAN WE SECURE THESE RIGHTS?

56. What is called the Right to Constitutional Remedies?
57. Why is it called the heart and soul of our Constitution?
58. What are the specila features of Fundamental Rights?
59. What are writs?
60. What is compensation? To whom is it given?
61. What is Public Interest Litigation PIL?

EXPANDING SCOPE OF RIGHTS

62. Name some expanding scope of rights.
63. What are the differences between the Constitutional rights and the Fundamental Rights?
64. What do you know of the right to property?
65. What are international covenants?
66. What are hte guarantees given to the South Africal citizens by its Constitution?