WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS - PART II

POLITICAL EXECUTIVE

45. Who is an executive?
46. Why are they called executive?

POLITICAL AND PERMANENT EXECUTIVE

47. Who are the political executives?
48. Who are the permanent executives?
49. Who are civil servants?
50. Why does the political executive have more power than the non-political executive?
51. Why is the minister more powerful than the civil servant?
52. What are the departments in which important final decisions are taken by the ministers? Why?
53. What are the duties of the minister?
54. What is the role of experts in decision making compared to the ministers?

PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS

55. Who is the most important political institution of the country?
56. ------------ appoints the Prime Minister.
57. Can the President appoint anyone of her choice?
58. Who can be appointed by the President as Prime Minister?
59. If no party wins a majority, who is elected as Prime Minister?
60. Does the Prime Minister have a fixed tenure?
61. He continues in power as long as he remains -----------------------.
62. The President appoints other ministers on the advice of the -----------------.
63. Ministers should be --------------.
64. The Prime Minister has the freedom to choose the ministers. True or False?
65. Can a person who is not a member of Parliament become a minister? What is the condition regarding this matter?
66. What is the Council of Ministers?
67. Who are Cabinet Ministers?
68. Who are the Ministers of State with independent charge?
69. Who are the Ministers of State?
70. When are the decisions taken?
71. The cabinet works as a team. True or False?
72. Can any minister openly criticise the government or any other ministry?
73. Every ministry has --------------, who are ----------------.
74. What are the duties of the secretaries?
75. Who are the members of Cabinet Secretariat? What are their functions?

POWERS OF THE PRIME MINISTER

76. What are the powers of the Prime Minister?
77. Within the cabinet ---------------- is the most powerful.
78. Describe the role played by Jawaharlal Nehru as the Indian PM.
79. Does individual personality influence the position of the PM?
80. What are the recent constraints over the power of the PM?
81. What is a coalition government?
82. How is the decision making power of the PM of a coalition government affected?
83. What are the problems faced by the PM of a coalition government?

THE PRESIDENT

84. The PM is the head of the --------------, the President is the head of the ---------------.
85. The functions of a President in India is same as the function of the Queen of Britain. True or False?
86. The functions of the President are ceremonial. True or False?
87. Is the President directly elected by the people?
88. Who elect the President?
89. What are the rules regarding votes when a President is elected?
90. The President remains only a nominal executive. Why?
91. What are the powers of the President?
92. Can the President exercise all the powers on her own?
93. On whose advice do the President function?
94. Is she bound to act according to the Council of Ministers even if she disagrees?
95. Describe the role of the President in the passing of a bill.
96. What is the only function she does on her own?
97. Describe the process by which the President appoints the PM.

THE JUDICIARY

98. Why is a powerful judiciary needed for democracies?
99. What are the components of the Indian judiciary?
100. India has an integrated judiciary. True or False?
101. What is the meaning of integrated judiciary?
102. What are the functions of the integrated judiciary?
103. What do you mean by the independence of judiciary?
104. How do the judges act?
105. Why do all modern democracies have courts?
106. Who appoints the judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court? How?
107. Who is the Chief Justice?
108. Is it easy to remove the judges of High Court and Supreme Court from their post?
109. As an exception, how can a judge be removed?
110. Has a judge ever been removed in India?
111. What are the powers of the Supreme Court and the High Court?
112. What is known as the judicial review?
113. The --------------- and the ---------------------- of the Indian judiciary allow it to act as the guardian of the Fundamental Rights.
114. What is public interest litigation?

WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS - PART I

A GOVERNMENT ORDER

1. What is an Office Memorandum?
2. What is SEBC?
3. What were the other two categories that enjoyed reservation?

THE DECISION MAKERS

4. Who decide to issue such Memorandum?
5. Who is the President?
6. Who is the Prime Minister?
7. What is Parliament? What are the two houses of the Parliament?
8. What was the Mandal Commission?
9.  What were the features of the Mandal Commission?
10. What did the President of India announce in the Parliament regarding this?
11. Describe the process in which the Mandal Commission was totally accepted and approved?
12. Why did many protest against this Commission?
13. What is reservation?
14. What were the arguments of the people who said reservation is fair?
15. What were the arguments of the people who said reservation is unfair?
16. Who resolves such important disputes?
17. What do you know of the Indira Sawhney case?
18. What is the role of the Supreme Court regarding important disputes?
19. What was the final verdict of the Supreme Court?

NEED FOR POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

20. Name some of the important functions of the government.
21. What are institutions?
22. Who are the persons involved with the institutions?
23. Why is dealing with institutions frustrating?
24. Can one person decide on any important issue?

PARLIAMENT

25. Are decisions taken directly by the Parliament?
26. The Parliament ----------- the decision of the government.
27. Can the government go ahead on its own decision, without the favour of the Parliament?

WHY DO WE NEED A PARLIAMENT?

28. What is a Parliament?
29. What is a Legislature or a Legistative Assembly?
30. What are the ways in which political authority is exercised by the Parliament?
31. What is the role of Parliament in making  laws?
32. How do the Parliaments exercise control over the government?
33. How do the Parliaments control the government money?
34. Through what devices do the Parliaments seek information?

TWO HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT

35. The roles and the powers of the Parliaments are divided in two parts ---------- and ------------.
36. What is the nature of the first house?
37. What is the nature of the second house?
38. What are the two houses of Parliament in India?
39. President is / is not a member of the Parliament.
40. President is part of the Parliament. True or False?
41. All laws made in the houses come into force only after receiving assent of the President. True or False?
42. Which of the two houses is more powerful? Why?
43. Other name of Rajya Sabha is -----------------.
44. Other name of Lok Sabha is --------------.

FOOD SECURITY - PART II

CURRENT STATUS OF PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

64. What is RPDS? When was it introduced?
65. In how many blocks was it introduced?
66. What was the target of RPDS?
67. What was TPDS?
68. What were the two special schemes launched in 2000?
69. Summarise the important works of the PDS.
70. What is the criticism against PDS?
71. Describe AAY and its functions.
72. What is subsidy?
73. How does the storage of foodgrains affect the costs?
74. What is the reason of the environmental degradation due to utilisation of water?
75. What is the reason of the marked ineffectiveness of the PDS in terms of average consumption?
76. What are the malpractices by the PDS dealers?
77. How are unsold stocks a problem?
78. What is the disadvantage of the three type ration card...especially to the poor?

ROLE OF CO-OPERATIVES IN FOOD SECURITY

79. Co-operatives play an important role in food security especially in the ------------- and ------------- parts of the country.
80. Give instances from several states to prove the success of co-operatives.
81.What has brought out the White Revolution?
82. What is ADS?
83. Why are Grain banks needed?

PEASANTS AND FARMERS - PART II

BREAD BASKET AND DUST BOWL

57. How did the USA  become the bread basket of the world?
58. What was the difference between England and USA in agriculture during 18th century?
59. Forests covered over ------------ acres and grasslands ----------- acres.
60. Most of the landscape was under the control of the -----------------.
61. Americal settlements were confined to the --------------.
62. What was the main occupation of native American groups?
63. What happened when the white Americans moved westwards?

THE WESTWARD MOVE AND WHEAT CULTIVATION

64. When did the WEst Americans start moving westwards?
65. They moved  to the -------------- plateau through -----------------------.
66. The wilderness could be turned into ---------------.
67. What was forest timber used for?
68. Why were the American Indians to be cleared from the land?
69. What was the policy of the US government regarding the driving away of the natives?
70. How were the natives affected?
71. How did the forests develop into cutivated areas?
72. What were the crops grown?
73. How did this region become a major wheat producing area of America?

THE WHEAT FARMERS

74. From the ---------------- there was a dramatic expansion of wheat production in the USA.
75. Why did the export become bigger?
76. As the demand increased the price------------- and the production ----------.
77. How did the spread of railway influence wheat production?
78. What was the condition of wheat market during First World War?
79. What was the call of President Wilson?
80. In 1970 about ------------- million acres of the land in the USA was under wheat.
81. How did it expand nine years later?
82. Wheat barond controlled as much as ------- to ------------ acres of land individually.

THE COMING OF NEW TECHNOLOGY

83. How did the new technology influence the production?
84. What were the special features of the new technology?
85. What were the new devices used in the new technology?
86. Who invented the first mechanical reaper? When?
87. Describe the advantages of the mechanical reaper.
88. How did th machines help the big farmers?

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE POOR?

89. How did the machines affect the lives of poor people?
90. Mechanisation has reduced the need for -----------------.
91. What were the effects of surplus production?
92. Why did the wheat market collapsed?
93. How did the Great Agrarian Depression affect the whear farmers?

DUST BOWL

94. What all problems were created by the expansion of wheat agriculture in the Great plains?
95. What were the natural calamities that took place in the 1930s?
96. How did these calamities affect the atmosphere?
97. How were the people affected?
98. How were the cattle affected?
99. How had the sod been reduced to the level of dust?
100. How did the whole region become a dust bowl?
101. When did they realise the importance of ecological conditions?

THE INDIAN FARMER AND OPIUM PRODUCTION

102. British rule was established in India after the Battle of ------------- in the year ----------.
103. The British saw --------------- as a major source of income.
104. How did the land revenue system trouble the peasants and pastoralists?
105. What were the two major commercial crops in the 19th century?
106. What other crops were cultivated? How were these suppies used?

A TASTE FOR TEA: TRADE WITH CHINA

107. ---------- and ---------- were bought from China for sale in England.
108. Explain the range of tea production from 1785 to 1830.
109. How did the tea trade create a problem?
110. Why were the Manchus unwilling to allow the entry of foreign goods?
111. How could the western merchants buy tea?
112. How did the merchants try to stop the loss of silver?
113. Who introduced opium to china? In which century?
114. What are the good qualities of opium?
115. Why did the Chinese emperor forbid opium production?
116. Who started the illegal trade of opium?
117. In China which all sects of people were addicted to opium?
118. In 1839 there were about --------------- opium smokers in China.

WHERE DID OPIUM COME FROM?

119. From China opium flowed out of -------------- ports.
120. Why were the peasants unwilling to grow opium?
121. Why was opium cultivation a difficult process?

HOW WERE UNWILLING CULTIVATORS MADE TO PRODUCE OPIUM?

122. What was the system of advances? Who paid advances to whom? How did it affect their life?
123. Who were mahato?
124. The cultivators were forced to hand over the cultivation only to --------------.
125. Government wanted to produce opium at -------- rate and sell at ------------ price.
126. When did the peasants start agitating  for opium?
127. In regions around ------------- opium cultivation was given up.
128. They produced ------------ and ------------- instead of opium.
129. Who were pykars?
130. Describe the monopoly establishment of opium trade by the government.
131. ------------- and ------------- were the princely states that produced opium, when in other parts the production of opium was declining.
132. Why was opium confiscated and why were the crops destroyed?

CONCLUSION

133. Were all sections of rural people affected in the same way?

FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA - PART I

OVERVIEW

1. What is food security?
2. Who are more vulnerable to food insecurity?
3. What is PDS?

WHAT IS FOOD SECURITY?

4. What are the dimensions of food security?
5. What does availability of food mean?
6. What does accesibility mean?
7. What does affordability mean?
8. What are the conditions to ensure food security in a country?

WHY FOOD SECURITY?

9. How is food security affected during a calamity?
10. What is a famine?
11. What was the most devastating famine in India? When did it occur?
12. How many people were killed in this famine?
13. What are the other places in India where famine like conditions prevail even today?
14. What are the states where starvation deaths are reported?

WHO ARE FOOD INSECURE?

15. Who are the worst affected people who suffer food insecurity?
16. Who are food insecure in urban areas? Why are they affected this way?
17. Get to know the story of Ramu. Try to analyse what are the reasons for his suffering.
18. Get to know the story of Ahmad. Try to analyse what are the reasons for his suffering.
19. How does the social composition affect food security?
20. How are SCs, STs and OBCs afffected?
21. How are people affected by natural disasters?
22. A high incidence of malnutrition prevails in --------------.
23. Who constitute an important segment of the food insecure population?
24. What is NHFS? What is its report regarding women and children?
25. What are the states where most of the food insecurity is reported?
26. What are the effects of poverty over hunger?
27. Hunger has ----------- and ---------------- dimensions.
28. What is chronic hunger? How are people affected?
29. What is seasonal hunger? How are people affected?
30. The percentage of chronic and seasonal hunger has declined over the years. True or False?
32. India is aiming at -------------- since independence.
33. What is Green Revolution?
34. Who released a stamp entitled 'Wheat Revolution'? When?
35. The highest rate of growth of wheat was achieved in the states of ---------- and ----------------.
36. ---------------- and ------------------------ recorded significant increases in rice yield.

FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA

37. Since the Green Revolution no famine is recorded in India. True or False?
38. Is the food security system of India safe?
39. What are the two components of food security system of India?

WHAT IS BUFFER STOCK?

40. waht is buffer stock?
41. What is FCI?
42. What are the functions of FCI?
43. What is MSP?
44. What is the purpose of MSP?
45. Why is the buffer stock created by the government?
46. What is Issue Price?
47. How does IP help?

WHAT IS THE PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM?

48. What is PDS?
49. What are Ration shops? How are they otherwise known?
50. What are sold at the ration shops?
51. What is a ration card?
52. What are the stipulated amount of the food items supplied to the people?
53. What are the three kinds of ration cards?
54. When was rationing introduced in India?
55. When was this system revived? By whom?
56. What were the three important food intervention programmes introduced?
57. What is ICDS?
58. What is FFW?
59. What is PAPs?
60. How does mid-day meals programme contribute to food security?
61. How do employment programmes contribute to food security?
62. Name some of the programmes initiated by the government which have food component.
63. What do you understand about National Food for Work programme?

POVERTY AS A CHALLENGE - PART II

INTER-STATE DISPARITIES

47. The proportion of the poor people is not the same in every state. True or False?
48. Name the states where poverty is still a serious problem.
49. Name the two poorest states. What is their poverty ratio?
50. Name the states where rural as well as urban poverty is high.
51. Name the states where there is decline in poverty.
52. How have these states reduced poverty?

GLOBAL POVERTY SCENARIO

53. How does World Bank define the proportion of people in developing countries living in extreme economic poverty?
54. What is the reason of decline of poverty in China and Southeast Asian countries?
55. Describe the state of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa.
56. Describe the state of poverty in Latin America.
57. What is the international poverty line?
58. Write notes on the Millenium Development Goals.

CAUSES OF POVERTY

59. How did the British government play a major role for the widespread of poverty?
60. How did the colonial policies affect handicrafts and textile industries?
61. ------------------- and ----------------- combined to make the growth rate per capita income very low.
62. How were the job opportunities created in the agricultural sector?
63. Were these job opportunities equally available throughout India?
64. In cities, what did people do when they could not find suitable jobs?
65. Why were they forced to live in slums?
66. How do the huge income inequalities lead to high poverty?
67. How could have the proper implementation of the land resources helped to reduce poverty?
68. What are the socio-cultural and economic factors responsible for poverty?

ANTI-POVERTY MEASURES

69. What are the two planks of the current anti-poverty strategy?
70. In the 1950s official poverty estimates were about ------------- percent.
71. Prove that there is a strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction.
72. Why are targeted anti-poverty programmes needed?
73. What is NREGA? When was it passed?
74. What are the features of NREGA?
75. What is NFWP?
76. What are the features of NFWP?
77. What is PMRY? When was it started?
78. What are the features of PMRY?
79. What is REGP? When was it launched?
80. What are the features of REGP?
81. What is PMGY? When was it launched?
82. What are the features of PMGY?
83. What is AAY?
84. What were the results of these programmes?

THE CHALLENGES AHEAD

85. What is the official definition of poverty?
86. Why is eradication of poverty  a moving target?

HISTORY AND SPORT - THE STORY OF CRICKET - PART II

CRICKET, RACE AND RELIGION

54. On what principle was cricket organised in India in the beginning?
55. When and where  was the First Indian Club established in India?
56. How was cricket played in India through the eighteenth century?
57. Apart from fun, what all other reliefs were given by cricket?
58. Were the Indians considered to have talent in cricket? What was the reality?
59. What do you know of the origins of Indian cricket?
60. Who found the first Indian Club in Bombay? What was the name of the club?
61. Who funded the Parsi clubs?
62. Did the whites encourage the Parsis club?
63. What was the issue between the whites and the Parsis over the public park?
64. How did this dispute have a happy ending?
65. When did the Parsis beat the Bombay Gymkhana club?
66. Who was the famous Parsi in the Indian National Congress?
67. In what way did Parsi Gymkhana became a precedent?
68. What did the Hindus and muslims do in the 1890s for cricket?
69. The gymkhana cricket led to first class cricket being organised on ------------ and ----------- lines.
70. Describe the quadrangular tournament.
71. Today cricket is based on region or religion?
72. In the beginning cricket was based on region or religion?
73. When did the Quadrangular became a Pentangular?
74. What was the nature of the fifth team?
75. Why was the Pentangular tournament criticised?
76. How did Mahatma Gandhi condemn this Pentangular tournament?
77. What replaced the Pentangular tournament? When?
78. Pentangular tournament can be otherwise called ---------------- and it ended with the ----------.

THE MODERN TRANSFORMATION OF THE GAME

79. Modern cricket is dominated by -------------- and ------------------ games.
80. Why are some players of the past always remembered and some players forgotten? Name some players who are remembered and who are forgotten.
81. Who was the country's first Test captain?
82. India entered the world of test cricket in the year ---------.
83. Which countries played the first test cricket match?

DECOLONISATION AND SPORT

84. What is decolonisation?
85. When did it begin and how long did it last?
86. What was the result of decolonisation?
87. What was the state of ICC in the earlier years of independence?
88. Imperiacl Cricket Conference was changed to International Cricket Conference in the year ----------.
89. When was the status of equal membership achieved?
90. What was the policy of racial segregation followed in the game of cricket?
91. Why did India, Pakistan and West Indies boycotted South Africa?
92. Why were these countries not successful?
93. How did the new decolonised nations of Asia and Africa oppose South Africa?

COMMERCE, MEDIA AND CRICKET TODAY

94. The ---------- were the decade in which cricket was transformed.
95. Why was the year 1971 a landmark in cricket?
96. Who played the first one-day international? Where was it played?
97. When was the first world cup staged?
98. Why was it a great success?
99. When did cricket celebrated 100 years of Test matches?
100. The game had been changed a lot not by a ----------- or  -------------, but by a ----------------.
101. Who is Kerry Packer? How did he add more interest to the game of cricket?
102. What were the changes brought into the game of cricket after it started to be televised?
103. Why is cricket a marketable game?
104. How did cricket boards become rich?
105. How did cricketers emerge as celebrities?
106. In what other ways do cricketers make money?
107. How has television coverage changed cricket?
108. What all aspects created a global market for cricket?
109. Which country has the large viewership for the game?
110. Which is the largest market in the cricketing world?
111. Where was the headquarters of ICC? Where is it now?
112. What are the two advances in the field of bowling?
113. How are these two skills enabling a better game?
114. Why are these two skills considered illegal?
115. How did the Asian countries take away the fame of cricket from the Biritish and the Australians?

SOUND - PART II

SPEED OF SOUND IN DIFFERENT MEDIA

74. Sound of a thunder is heard ---------------- than the flash of light is seen.
75. The speed of sound is ---------------- the speed of light.
76. Temperature influences the speed of sound. True or False?
77. The speed of sound ---------------- when we go from solid to gaseous state.
78. In any medium, as we increase the temperature the speed of sound increases. True or False? Give example.
79. Go through the table 12.1.

REFLECTION OF SOUND

80. Sound gets reflected at the surface of a solid and liquid. True or False?
81. What is normally needed for the reflection of the sound waves?
82. Learn the activity related to reflection of sound and understand the process.

ECHO

83. What is called an echo?
84. The sensation of sound persists in our brain for about --------- s.
85. When could you hear a distinct echo? Explain in detail.
86. What is t
he relationship between echo and the rolling of thunder?

REVERBERATION

87. What is reverberation?
88. What are the steps to be taken to reduce reverberation?

USES OF MULTIPLE REFLECTION OF SOUND

89. How are the musical instruments designed to send sound?
90. How is the sound heard in the stethoscope?
93. How are the ceilings of the concert halls designed?

RANGE OF HEARING

94. The audible range of sound for human beings extends from about ------------ to ------------.
95. Children upto five years and dogs can hear upto ----------------.
96. How is the hearing affected as the human beings grow old?
97. What are called infrasound or infrasonic sound?
98. What is the infrasound of frequency used by rhinoceroses for communication?
99. How can some animals hear the sound of earth quake even before it occurs?
100. What are called ultra sound or ultrasonic sound?
101. Name the creatures that produce ultrasonic sound.

APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND

102. How are ultrasounds used extensively in industries and for medical purposes?
103. How is ultrasound used for the purpose of cleaning?
104. How can ultrasounds be used to detect cracks and flaws in metal blocks?
105. What is called echocardiography / ECG?
106. Describe the functioning and uses of ultrasonic scanner.
107. What is called ultrasonography?
108. What is the use of utltrasound in the breaking and removal of kidney stones?

SONAR

109. Expand SONAR.
110. What is sonar?
111. How does the sonar work? Explain in detail.
112. What is called echo-ranging?
113. What are the uses of sonar?
114. How do bats locate food in the dark?
115. Why do porpoises use ultrasound?

STRUCTURE OF HUMAN EAR

116. Describe in detail the auditory aspect of human ear.
117. What is pinna?
118. What is the function of pinna?
119. What is the function of the middle ear?
120. What is cochlea? What is its function?

SOUND - PART I

INTRODUCTION

1. What is sound?

PRODUCTION OF SOUND

2. Can you produce sound without a vibrating object? Explain with example.
3. Give examples of some actions that produce sound.
4. What is vibration?
5. How is human voice produced?

Go through activities 12.1 and 12.2.

PROPAGATION OF SOUND

6. How is sound produced?
7. What is called a medium?
8. The medium can be -----------, ---------------- and ---------------.
9. Describe the process of formation of sound and how it it is heard by us.
10. What is a wave?
11. How do the waves influence the sound?
12. How can be sound visualised as a wave?
13. What are mechanical waves? Why are they called so?
14. ----------- is the most common medium through which wound travels.
15. What is called compression?
16. What is called rarefaction?
17. Compression is the region of ----------------.
18. Rarefaction is the region of ----------------.
19. Pressure is related to the ----------------- of a medium in a given volume.
20. Propagation of sound can be visualised as ---------------------------- or ------------------------ in the medium.

SOUND NEEDS A MEDIUM TO TRAVEL

21. Sound cannot travel through ----------------------.
22. Explain with an experiment, the necessity of a medium for the sound to travel.

SOUND WAVES ARE LONGITUDINAL WAVES

23. What are longitudinal waves?
24. Why are sound waves longitudinal waves?
25. How do the particles of the medium move in the longitudinal wave?
26. What is a transverse wave?
27. What is the difference between the longitudinal and the transverse wave?
28. How do the particles move in the transverse wave?
29. Light is a ------------- wave.
30. Why is not a transverse wave a mechanical wave? Explain.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOUND WAVE

31. We can describe a sound wave by its ----------, --------------- and ----------------.
32. How does the density and pressure of the medium  vary at a given time?
33. Compressions are the regions where particles are -----------------------------.
34. Compressions are represented by the ------------------- of the curve.
35. The peak represents the region of ---------------------------.
36. Compressions are regions where -------------- and --------------  are high.
37. Rarefactions are the regions where particles are ----------------.
38. Rarefactions are represented by the ----------------- of the curve.
39. A peak is called the --------------- and a valley is called the ---------------.
40. What is called the wavelength?
41. How is the wavelength represented?
42. What is the SI unit of wavelength?
43. When sound is propagated through a medium, the density of the medium oscillates between ------------ and ---------------.
44. What makes one complete oscillation?
45. How can you get the frequency of the sound wave?
46. What is called the time period of the wave?
47. Time period is represented by the symbol ----------.
48. Its SI unit is -------------.
49. Frequency and time period are related as ---------------------.
50. Why is the sound produced by a violin and a flute played at the same time in an orchestra differ when we hear?
51. What is called the pitch?
52. How does the vibration affect the pitch?
53. What does high pitch sound correspond to?
54. How are diffferent pitch created?
55. What is called the amplitude of the wave?
56. It is represented by the letter -----------------.
57. What is the unit of amplitude?
58. ------------- and ------------- of a sound are determined by its amplitude.
59. What is the difference in the sound produced when we strike a table lightly and when we hit it harder? Why is it so?
60. Why can loud sound travel a larger distance?
61. A sound wave spreads from its -------------.
62. As the sound wave moves away from the source its -------------- and ---------------- decrease.
63. What is the quality or timber of sound?
64. What is the characteristic of the timber of sound?
65. What is a sound of rich quality?
66. What is called a tone?
67. What is a note?
68. What is the quality of noise? Why?
69. What is the quality of music? Why?
70. Practise the sums and questions given in page 166.
71. What is called the intensity of sound?
72.' Loudness' and 'Intensity' are same. True or False?
73. What is loudness?

HISTORY AND SPORT - THE STORY OF CRICKET - PART I

INTRODUCTION

1. Cricket grew out of the many ---------------- games played in England about ------------- years ago.
2. What is the meaning of the word 'bat'?
3. What did the people do on Sunday instead of going to church?
4. What was the kind of cricket bat used till the middle of the eighteenth century?
5. Why was this type of bat used?

THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CRICKET AS A GAME IN ENGLAND

6. The -------------- and ---------------- history of England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, shaped the game and gave cricket its unique nature.
7. What are the differences between cricket and other games which make cricket a unique game?
8. What is the difference between cricket and football?
9. What is the difference between cricket and baseball?
10. What is the length of the pitch?
11. Describe the different dimensions of cricket grounds quoting examples.
12. When were the 'Laws of Cricket' published?
13. What are the laws stated in the 'Laws of Cricket'?
14. How many umpires are needed?
15. Describe the stumps.
16. Describe the cricket ball.
17. When and where was the first cricket club formed?
18. What do you know of the MCC revision of the laws of cricket?
19. How did the styles of bowling change?
20. What were the changes made to the ball?
21. When was the first leg before law published?
22. What were the changes made to the game in the nineteenth century?
23. What are the special features of cricket that made the game favourite of the villagers?
24. What do you know of the dispute regarding boundaries?
25. Cricket has changed, yet fundamentally remained true to its origins. Explain.
26. Explain how the bat and ball are made. Explain the changes that have been made in making the bat and ball.
27. What is the difference regarding tools between golf, tennis and cricket?
28. What kind of bat did Dennis Lillee want to play with? What was the result?
29. How has technology changed / influenced cricket?

CRICKET AND VICTORIAN ENGLAND

30. How did the game of cricket reflect the nature of England life?
31. Who paid the professionals?
32. Why did not the professionals get employment throughout the year?
33. State the differences between amateurs and professional players.
34. Why do the laws of cricket always give the benefit of doubt to the batsmen?
35. Why was the captain of cricket team generally a batsman?
36. When was the English cricket team led by a professional at first? Who was that captain?
37. Battle of Waterloo was won on the --------------------------.
38. What do you know of the importance of the school of Eton and its connection with cricket?
39. On what grounds were the boys trained in the school of Eton?
40. Who was Thomas Arnold?
41. How did Thomas Arnold use the games of cricket and rugby to train the boys?
42. How did cricket boost up the self image of the English elite?
43. Write notes on the Napoleanic war and its connection with English people and cricket.

THE SPREAD OF CRICKET

44.Playing cricket became a sign of ------------- and ----------- status.
45. Why were the Afro Caribbean population discouraged from participating in the game?
46. When was the first non-white club established in the West Indies?
47. Where did the West Indies play cricket? Where did the whites in the West Indies play cricket?
48. How was cricket viewed in the Caribbean?
49. --------------- and ------------------ were the political leaders  considered cricket as a chance for self respect and international understanding.
50. How did cricket help to make West Indies and the whites equal?
51. What were the two ironies connected to the victory of West Indies over the whites in 1950?
52. When was a national team given the right to represent India in a test match?
53. On what basis do cricket fans take sides?

NATURAL RESOURCES - PART III

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

94. How is the biosphere made as a dynamic and stable system?

THE WATER CYCLE

95. How is the rain caused?
96. What is known as the water cycle?
97. What are the sources of human usage of water?
98. How do rivers help the marine organisms?

THE NITROGEN CYCLE

99. Nitrogen gas makes up ------------- of our atmosphere.
100. Nitrogen is a part of many molecules that supply ------------, ----------------- and some ---------.
101. Nitrogen is found in biological compounds like -------------- and -----------------.
102. All these life-forms could use nitrogen directly from the atmosphere. True or False?
103. What are 'nitrogen-fixing' bacteria?
104. Where are they found?
105. What is the result of the convertion of nitrogen during lightning?
106. Plants generally take up nitrates and nitrites and convert them into ----------------- which are used to make ---------------.
107. Describe the nitrogen cycle.

THE CARBON CYCLE

108. What are the forms in which carbon is found on the earth?
109. Carbon molecules contain --------, ---------, ---------------, -------------- and ----------------.
110. The ----------------- and ------------------- of various animals are formed from carbonate salts.
111. How is carbon incorporated into life-forms?
112. How does utilisation of glucose help the living things?
113. How is glucose converted to carbondioxide?
114. Write notes on the process of combustion.
115. How has industrial revolution affected the percentage of carbon dioxide?

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

116. Why is temperature inside a glass enclosure much higher than the surroundings?
117. How can tropical plants be kept warm during colder climates?
118. Describe the greenhouse effect.
119. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases. True or False?
120. What is global warming? What are its consequences?

THE OXYGEN CYCLE

121. Oxygen is a very abundant element on our earth. True or False?
122. Oxygen is found in the ------------ form in the atmosphere to the extent of ------------ percent.
123. Oxygen exists in the combined form in the ------------------- and in the air in the form of -------------.
124. How is oxygen found in the crust?
125. What are the biological molecules for which oxygen is an essential component?
126. Name the three processes that use up oxygen in the atmosphere.
127. How is oxygen returned to the atmosphere?
128. Describe oxygen cycle.
129. What are poisoned by oxygen?

OZONE LAYER

130. Elemental oxygen is found in the form of a ------------ molecule.
131. In the upper area of the atmosphere a molecule containing ----------- atoms of oxygen is found.
132. What is O3 otherwise called?
133. What is the difference between Oxygen and Ozone?
134. What is the most essential function of Ozone?
135. Why is the ozone layer getting depleted?
136. What are the consequences of the reduction of the ozone layer over earth?

POVERTY AS A CHALLENGE -PART I

OVERVIEW

1. ------------ is one of the mot difficult challenges faced by independent India.

INTRODUCTION

2. Who are consdiered poor?
3. Every ------------ person in India is poor.
4. Roughly -------------- crores of people in India live in poverty.
5. India has the largest single concentration of the poor in the world. True or False?

TWO TYPICAL CASES OF POVERTY

6. Be familiar with the living conditions of Ram Saran.(Urban case)
7. Note the economical and health conditions of his family.
8. Be familiar with the living conditions of Lakha Singh.(Rural case)
9. Note the economical and health conditions of his family.
10.From these two cases what do you think are the major factors that lead to poverty?
11. Where all are the poor people ill-treated?
12. What was Mahatma Gandhi's idea of true independent India?

POVERTY  AS SEEN BY SOCIAL SCIENTISTS

13. What are the social indicators through which poverty is looked at?
14. What is the concept of social exclusion?
15. Social exclusion can be a cause as well as a consequence of poverty. Explain.
16. What is the effect of caste system over social exclusion?
17. Social exclusion does not only mean low income...it is more than that. True or False?

VULNERABILITY

18. What is vulnerability to poverty?
19. What are the factors that determine vulnerability?
20. On what basis is vulnerability analysed?

POVERTY LINE

21. What is poverty line?
22. What do you mean by 'minimum level' of income?
23. Why does poverty line vary with time and place?
24. Why does all countries use imaginary line? Explain with an example.
25. How is poverty line determined in India?
26. What is the present formula for food requirement?
27. What is the accepted average calorie requirement in India?
28. Why are calorie requirements high in rural areas than in urban areas?
29. Why is the monetary expenditure per capita needed for buying calorie requirements periodically revised?
30. What is the difference in fixing poverty line for a rural and that of an urban area? Illustrate with an example.
31. How is the poverty line estimated periodically?
32. Who carries out the surveys of poverty line?
33. What is the interantional uniform standard for the poverty line used by the World Bank?

POVERTY ESTIMATES

34. What is the nature of the poverty ratios in India in the years 1973 to 1993?
35. The percent of the proportion of people below poverty line increases year to year. True or False?
36. Give short notes on the latest poverty estimates.

VULNERABLE GROUPS

37. Which are the social groups that are more vulnerable to poverty?
38. Which are the economical groups most vulnerable to poverty?
39. ---------- out of 100 people belonging to scheduled tribes are not able to meet their basic needs.
40. About ----------------- percent of landless agricultural workers are poor.
41. About ---------------- percent of scheduled castes are also poor.
42. What is the double disadvantage of the SC and ST?
43. What can you say about the inequality of income within a family?
44. Who are the poorest of the poor? Why?
45. Learn the story of Sivaraman.
46. Understand the living conditions of his family.

POPULATION III

HEALTH

76. What are the factors that influence the decline of death rate?
77. Why is health situation a major concern for India?
78. What are the effects of malnutrition?
79. Safe drinking water and basic sanitation amenities are available to only ---------------------- of the rural populaiton.
80. How can these problems be tackled?

ADOLESCENT POPULATION

81. What is the size of the adolescent population in India?
82. What is the age group of adolescents?
83. The adolescents are the most important resource for the future. True or False?
84. What is the difference regarding nutrition requirements of an adolescent and that of a normal child or adult?
85. Is the diet available to adolescents in India adequate?
86. What is the major ailment of most of the adolescent girls?
87. How can be the adolescents made aware of their problems?

NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY

88. Why was the Family Plannin Programme initiated?
89. Write notes on NPP 2000.
90. NPP insists on education upto ------------------ years of age.
91. NPP aims at reducing infant mortality rate to below --------- per 1000 live births.

NPP 2000 AND ADOLESCENTS

92. How does NPP 2000 identify adolescents?
93. On what factors does NPP 2000 lay importance regarding adolescents?
94. What is STD?
95. What are the special plans of NPP 2000 regarding adolescents?
96. Explain: A well - educated healthy population provides potential powers.

POPULATION II

AGE COMPOSITION

51. What does age composotion refer to?
52. How is age composition one of the most basic characteristics of population?
53. According to age, how is population of a nation generally grouped?
54. What can you say of the category of children below 15 years?
55. What can you say of the working age 15 - 59 years?
56. What can you say of the aged above 59 years?
57. How does the percentage of children and the aged affect the dependency ratio?

SEX RATIO

58. Define sex ratio.
59. Why has the sex ration always proved to be unfavourable to females?
60. What is the sex ratio of Kerala, Pondicherry and Delhi?

LITERACY RATES

61. What is the relationship between literacy and population?
62. Who is treated as a literate according to the Census?
63. Has the literacy rate of India improved?
64. Is the literacy rate same for male and female? Why?

OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE

65. What is referred to as occupational structure?
66. How are the occupations classified?
67. What are primary occupations?
68. What are secondary occupations?
69. What are tertiary occupations?
70. What are the occupations of the developed countries?
71. What are the occupations of the developing countries?
72. In India ------------- per cent of the population is engaged only in agriculture.
73. The proportion of population dependent on secondary sectors is -------------.
74. The proportion of population dependent on tertiary sectors is -------------.
75. What are the factors that favour secondary and tertiary sectors?

POPULATION - I

INTRODUCTION

1. How are human beings themselves resources?
2. When does the simple rock coal become a resource?
3. When does a natural event like Tsunami become a disaster?
4. Why is population significant?
5. Human beings are ----------------- and ------------------ of earth's resources.
6. What is census?
7. What are the three major questions about the population? Explain.

POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION

INDIA'S POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION BY NUMBERS

8. What had been the population of India as on March 2001? It accounted for --------------- percent of the world's population.
9. Our country's area is ----------------- sq. km.
10. It accounts for ------------------- percent of the world's area.
11. Which state is the most populous according to Census 2001?
12. Uttar Pradesh accounts for ---------------------- percent of India's population.
13. Which are the less populous states / territories in India?
14. Almost half of India's population lives in just ----------- states.
15. These states are -------------, ----------------, ---------------, ------------- and ---------------.
16. ____________ is the biggest state of India in terms of area.
17. It has only ---------- percent of the total population of India.
18. What could be the reason of uneven distribution of population in India?

INDIA'S POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY DENSITY

19. How is population density calculated?
20. Name the countries that have higher average population densities than India.
21. What was the population density of India in the year 2001?
22. What can you say bout the population density in West bengal and Arunachal Pradesh?
23. Which are the states with population densities below 250 persones per sq.km.?
24. Which states have moderate population densities?
25. What are the factors that have influenced population densities in these areas?
26. Which states have high to very high population densities?
27. What are the factors that have influenced high population densities in these areas?
28. Identify the three states of the Northern Plains with high population denstities.

POPULATION GROWTH AND PROCESSES OF POPULATION CHANGE

29. Population is a ---------------- phenomenon.
30. Why is population a dynamic phenomenon?
31. What are the three processes that influence population?

POPULATION GROWTH

32. What does growth of population refer to?
33. In what two ways can the changes related to population growth be expressed?
34. What do you mean by absolute numbers?
35. How is absolute number obtained?
36. What do you mean by absolute increase?
37. What is annual growth rate?
38. What happened to the rate of growth of population since 1981?
39. How was this rate of decline achieved?
40. India may overtake China in the year ---------------- to become the most populous country in the world.

PROCESSES OF POPULATION CHANGE / GROWTH

41. What are the three main processes of change of population?
42. How do you calculate the natural increase of population?
43. Explain   birth rate.
44. Explain death rate.
45. Explain migration.
46. Differentiate between internal migration and international migration.
47. What are the important reasons of migration from rural to urban areas?
48. Why is migration an important determinant of population change?
49. Why are the cities highly populated?
50. What can you say about 'million plus cities' in India?

NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILD LIFE - III

WILD LIFE

92. India has more than ------------------- animal species.
93. India has more than ---------------- species of birds. They constitute ------- percent of the world's total.
94. There are ------------- species of fish. They constitute -------- percent of the world's stock.
95. India shares ----------------- of the world's amphibians, reptiles and mammals.
96. Elephants are found in ---------------, ------------------ and ----------------.
97. Where are one-horned rhinoceroses found?
98. Where are wild ass and camels found?
99. When was Wildlife Protection Act implemented in India?
100. India is the only country in the world that has both tigers and lions. True or False?
101. Which is the natural habitat of the Indian lion?
102. Where are tigers found?
103. Give an account of the animals found in the Himalayas.
104. Name some birds inhabiting the forests and wetlands of India.
105. List some uses of the animals and birds that help us to lead our life.
107. Why is conservation of flora and fauna essential?
108. ------------------ plant species are endangered and ------------- species are extinct.
109. What are the major threats to nature...flora and fauna?
110. How does pollution affect flora and fauna?
111.

NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILD LIFE - II

TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FORESTS

51. What type of forests are the most widespread in India?
52. What is the other name for tropical deciduous forests?
53. What is the range of rainfall in these forests?
54. What can you say about the shedding of leaves in these forests?
55. How are these forests divided on the basis of availability of water?
56. What is the range of rainfall of the moist deciduous forests?
56. Where are these forests found?
57. What is the most dominant species of this forest?
58. Name some commercially important crops in these forests.
59. What is the range of rainfall of the dry deciduous forests?
60. Where are these forests found?
61. What are the trees that grow here?
62. Why is a large part of this area cleared?
63. What are the common animals found in these forests?

THE THORN FORESTS AND SCRUBS

64. What is the range of rainfall in these forests?
65. Where are these forests found?
66. What are the main plant species?
67. What is the root structure of the plants? Why is it so?
68. What is the stem structure of the plants?
69. How do the leaves look?
70. What are the common animals found in these forests?

MONTANE FORESTS

71. In mountainous areas, how does temperature change the natural vegetation?
72. What are the trees found in the forests between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres?
73. What are the trees found in forests between a height of 1500 and 3000 metres?
74. Where are these forests found?
75. What type of vegetation do you see in the high altitudes?
76. Where is alpine vegetation found?
77. What are the common trees of these forests?
78. How does the vegetation change when they approach the snowline.
79. Name the tribes who are seen here.
80. What forms part of Tundra vegetation at the higher altitude?
81. What are the common animals found in these forests?

MANGROVE FORESTS

82. Where are the mangrove forests found?
83. What is the special feature of the coasts where these forests are found?
84. What are the trees that grow in these forests?
85. What is the famous animal in these forests?
86. What are the common animals found in these forests?

NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE - I

INTRODUCTION

1. How many bio-diversity countries are there in the world?
2. India occupies ---------------- place in the world and ---------------- place in Asia in diversity.
3. There are about  ----------- plant species in India.
4. There are about ---------------- flowering plants in India.
5. India accounts for ------------- percent in the world's total number of flowering plants.
6. Give some examples of non-flowering plants in India.
7. India has --------------- species of animals.
8. It has rich variety of fish in ----------- and -------------- waters.
9. What is referred to as antural vegetation?
10. What do you mean by virgin vegetation?
11. Under what form of vegetation are cultivated crops, fruits and orchards classified? Are they classified under natural vegetation? Why?
12. Explain the terms: a. endemic or indigenous plants. b. exotic plants
13. What is flora?
14. What is fauna?

RELIEF

LAND

15. How does land affect the natural vegetation?
16. The nature of land influences the type of vegetation. True or False?
17. To what type of vegetation are the fertile lands devoted to?
18. What do you see in the terrains where grasslands and woodlands develop?

SOIL

19. Does the soil vary over space?
20. Different types of soil provide basis for different types of vegetation. True or False?
21. What are the plants supported by sandy soils of the desert?
22. What type of vegetation do you see in the hill slopes?

CLIMATE

TEMPERATURE

23. What are the factors that determine the character and extent of vegetation?
24. How is vegetation influenced by temperature on the slopes of the Himalayas?

PHOTOPERIOD (SUNLIGHT)

25. Why does variation in duration of sunlight at different places occur?
26. Why do trees grow faster in summer?

PRECIPITATION

27. Which are the monsoons that bring rain to India?
28. Areas of heavy rainfall have --------------- vegetation than areas of less rainfall.
29. Why are forests important to human beings? Explain in detail.
30. What are the factors that change India's natural vegetation?
31. What is the different feature you find in the the inaccessible areas of Himalayas, the hilly region of central India and marusthali?
32. What was the actual forest cover in 2001?

ECOSYSTEM

33. The nature of animals present in a particular area depends upon its nature of vegetation. True or False?
34. How are animals and plants interdependent and interrelated?
35. How is an ecosystem formed?
36. Human beings are an integral part of ecosystem. True or False?
37. How do the human beings influence the ecology of a region?
38. Why have some of the plants and animals reached the verge of extinction?
39. What is biome?

TYPES OF VEGETATION

40. What are the major types of vegetation in our country?

TROPICAL EVERGREEN FORESTS

41. Name the areas where you see tropical evergreen forests.
42. What is the measure of rainfall?
43. What is the average height of the trees?
44. What kind of climate exists in these forests?
45. What kind of vegetation do you see in these forests?
46. Why do the forests appear green throughout the year?
47. Name some trees of these forests that have commercial significance.
48. What are the common animals found?
49. Where are the one horn rhinoceros found?
50. Apart from the common animals, what other species of animals are seen in these forests?