Sunday, October 10, 2010

FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM ....... PART II

WHO COULD HUNT?

67.  How did the forest laws affect the hunters?
68.  How did hunting turn out to be a sport?
69.  What do you know about hunting as a sport in India?
70.  Why did various species become extinct under colonial rule?
71.  What was the belief of the British regarding large animals?
72.  Why did the British announce a reward for killing large animals?
73.  Over -------------------- tigers, ----------------------- leopards and ---------------- wolves were killed for reward in the period 1875-1925.
74.  How did the tiger become a sporting trophy?
75.  The Maharaja of Sarguja killed --------------------------tigers and ------------------- leopards.
76.  George Yule, a British administrator killed ------------------ tigers.
77.  ------------------------ and ---------------------- argued that animals should be protected, not killed.

NEW TRADES, NEW EMPLOYMENTS AND NEW SERVICES
78.  How did the forests become a source of trade?
79.  There was a growing demand for ---------------------- in the mid-nineteenth century.
80.  ---------------------- and --------------------- were the villagers who were involved in rubber trading.
81.  Give short notes on trading of forest products by adivasis and Banjaras during the medieval India.
82.  How did the British take an upper hand in forest trading suppressing the trading by Indians?
83.  Who are ‘criminal tribes’? Name them. How did they suffer under British?
84.  Who were recruited for tea plantation in Assam?
85.  What were the hardships faced by these employees who were recruited for tea plantation?

REBELLION IN THE FOREST
86.  What caused the forest rebellions?
87.  Name the leaders of the forest rebellion.

THE PEOPLE OF BASTAR
88.  Where is Bastar located?
89.  The central part of  Bastar is on a --------------------.
90.  To the north of Bastar is --------------------- and to the south of Bastar is -------------------.
91.  Name the communities of Bastar.
92.  Bastar communities speak -------------------- languages; share common ------------------ and ---------------.
93.  What do they do at each agricultural festival?
94.  Name the gifts of nature that are respected by the Bastars. Why did they respect them?
95.  What do you know of - dersari, dand,man?
96.  Why did the Bastars engage watchmen? How did they pay the watchmen?
97.  What is pargana?
98.  What were the issues discussed by  the pargana ?

THE FEARS OF THE PEOPLE
99.  In 1905, what caused the major worry of the Bastars?
100. What are ‘ forest villages’?
101. How were the people in other villages affected ?
102. Terrible famines in ---------------------- and again in ------------------ worsened the living condition of people in forests.
103. Where did the people discuss their problems and with whom?
104. Where did reservation took place first?
105. ---------------------- from the village ------------------ was an important person in the forest movement.
106. How did the villagers pass message to invite others for the forest rebellion?
107. How did the villages contribute to the rebellion expenses?
108. In what ways were the rebelling people affected?
109. --------------- was a missionary who observed the events of the forest rebellion and recorded them.
110. What important note did he record?
111. How did the British try to suppress the rebellion?
112. The -------------- tried to negotiate with the British.
113. What happened to the adivasis when they tried to negotiate?
114. Why were the villages deserted during the rebellion?
115. It took ---------------- months for the British to regain control after the rebellion.
116. The British failed to capture the leader ------------------.
117. What are the consequences of Bastar rebellion?
118.  ____________ gained victory in the forest rebellion.
119.  Explain the story of forests and people of Bastar after independence.
120.  What was the proposal of the World Bank in 1970?
121.  Why and how was the paper industry proposal stopped?

FOREST TRANSFORMATIONS IN JAVA
122.  ----------------- is famous rice-producing island in Indonesia.
123.  In the beginning Java was covered mostly with -----------------.
124.  The colonial power in Indonesia were ------------------.
125.  There were many similarities in the laws of forest control in Indonesia and India. True or False?
126.   ----------------- is where the Dutch started forest management.
127.   Like the British, the Dutch wanted ---------------------- from Java to build --------------.
128.   During 1600, many villages of Java were located in ------------------- but there were also communities living in the ------------------ and practicing shifting cultivation.

THE WOODCUTTERS OF JAVA
129. Who were Kalangs? What was their major occupation?
130. Why and how were the Kalangs divided ?
131. How did the Kalangs help the kings?
132. The Dutch began to regain control over the forests in the ------------- century.
133. The Dutch tried to make the ------------------ work under them.
134. In the year ---------------, the Kalangs tried to attack the Dutch fort at -----------------, but the uprising was ----------------.

DUTCH SCIENTIFIC FORESTRY
135. What were the provisions of Forest law proposed by the Dutch?
136. Wood could be cut only for specific purposes like ---------------- and -------------; wood could be cut only from -----------------------------------.
137. On what offences were the villagers punished?
138. As in India, the need to manage forests for ------------------------- and ------------------- led to the --------------------.
139. In 1882, ---------------- sleepers were exported from Java.
140. What was blangdongdiensten system?

SAMIN'S CHALLENGE
141. Write short notes on Samin’s challenge.
142. Around ------------, Surontiko Samin of -------------------- village, began questioning ---------------------------------.
143. Randublatung village is a ------------------- village.
144. Those who helped Samin in organizing the forest movement were his -----------------.
145.  By 1907, ------------------- families followed Samin’s ideas.
146.  How did the Saminists protest against the Dutch?

WAR AND DEFORESTATION
147. What were the major  impacts of the First and Second World War on forests?
148. During these wars, in India-------------------- were abandoned and  trees were cut to meet the ---------------------------.
149. Define: ‘ a scorched earth’ policy.
150. How did the Dutch try to avoid being trapped by the Japanese?
151. How and why did the Japanese exploit the forests?
152. What was the major conflict between the agriculturists and the Forest department?

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN FORESTRY
153. What is an important goal rather than collecting timber?
154. Who must be involved to achieve this goal?
155. From ---------------------- to ---------------------- dense forests have survived only because villages protected them in -----------------------.
156. The sacred groves known as ---------, ----------------, ------------- and ---------- protected the dense forests.
157. How did the villagers guard the forest ?
158. The villagers did not leave the responsibility of guarding to the --------------------.

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